Schild, Detlev

[["dc.bibliographiccitation.firstpage","61"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.issue","1"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.journal","Physiological Reviews"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.lastpage","154"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.volume","102"],["dc.contributor.author","Manzini, Ivan"],["dc.contributor.author","Schild, Detlev"],["dc.contributor.author","Di Natale, Corrado"],["dc.date.accessioned","2022-01-11T14:06:06Z"],["dc.date.available","2022-01-11T14:06:06Z"],["dc.date.issued","2022"],["dc.description.abstract","The biological olfactory system is the sensory system responsible for the detection of the chemical composition of the environment. Several attempts to mimic biological olfactory systems have led to various artificial olfactory systems using different technical approaches. Here we provide a parallel description of biological olfactory systems and their technical counterparts. We start with a presentation of the input to the systems, the stimuli, and treat the interface between the external world and the environment where receptor neurons or artificial chemosensors reside. We then delineate the functions of receptor neurons and chemosensors as well as their overall input-output (I/O) relationships. Up to this point, our accounts of the systems go along similar lines. The next processing steps differ considerably: whereas in biology the processing step following the receptor neurons is the “integration” and “processing” of receptor neuron outputs in the olfactory bulb, this step has various realizations in electronic noses. For a long period of time, the signal processing stages beyond the olfactory bulb, i.e., the higher olfactory centers, were little studied. Only recently has there been a marked growth of studies tackling the information processing in these centers. In electronic noses, a third stage of processing has virtually never been considered. In this review, we provide an up-to-date overview of the current knowledge of both fields and, for the first time, attempt to tie them together. We hope it will be a breeding ground for better information, communication, and data exchange between very related but so far little-connected fields."],["dc.description.abstract","The biological olfactory system is the sensory system responsible for the detection of the chemical composition of the environment. Several attempts to mimic biological olfactory systems have led to various artificial olfactory systems using different technical approaches. Here we provide a parallel description of biological olfactory systems and their technical counterparts. We start with a presentation of the input to the systems, the stimuli, and treat the interface between the external world and the environment where receptor neurons or artificial chemosensors reside. We then delineate the functions of receptor neurons and chemosensors as well as their overall input-output (I/O) relationships. Up to this point, our accounts of the systems go along similar lines. The next processing steps differ considerably: whereas in biology the processing step following the receptor neurons is the “integration” and “processing” of receptor neuron outputs in the olfactory bulb, this step has various realizations in electronic noses. For a long period of time, the signal processing stages beyond the olfactory bulb, i.e., the higher olfactory centers, were little studied. Only recently has there been a marked growth of studies tackling the information processing in these centers. In electronic noses, a third stage of processing has virtually never been considered. In this review, we provide an up-to-date overview of the current knowledge of both fields and, for the first time, attempt to tie them together. We hope it will be a breeding ground for better information, communication, and data exchange between very related but so far little-connected fields."],["dc.identifier.doi","10.1152/physrev.00036.2020"],["dc.identifier.uri","https://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?gro-2/97825"],["dc.language.iso","en"],["dc.notes.intern","DOI-Import GROB-507"],["dc.relation.eissn","1522-1210"],["dc.relation.issn","0031-9333"],["dc.title","Principles of odor coding in vertebrates and artificial chemosensory systems"],["dc.type","journal_article"],["dc.type.internalPublication","yes"],["dspace.entity.type","Publication"]]

[["dc.bibliographiccitation.issue","5"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.journal","Chemical Senses"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.volume","31"],["dc.contributor.author","Manzini, Ivan"],["dc.contributor.author","Czesnik, D."],["dc.contributor.author","Kuduz, Josko"],["dc.contributor.author","Schild, Detlev"],["dc.date.accessioned","2018-11-07T09:43:57Z"],["dc.date.available","2018-11-07T09:43:57Z"],["dc.date.issued","2006"],["dc.format.extent","A12"],["dc.identifier.isi","000238761600049"],["dc.identifier.uri","https://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?gro-2/34291"],["dc.notes.status","zu prüfen"],["dc.notes.submitter","Najko"],["dc.publisher","Oxford Univ Press"],["dc.publisher.place","Oxford"],["dc.relation.conference","28th Annual Meeting of the Association-for-Chemoreception-Sciences"],["dc.relation.eventlocation","Sarasota, FL"],["dc.relation.issn","0379-864X"],["dc.title","Dual effect of ATP in the olfactory epithelium of Xenopus laevis tadpoles: Activation of both receptor and sustentacular supporting cells"],["dc.type","conference_abstract"],["dc.type.internalPublication","yes"],["dc.type.peerReviewed","yes"],["dc.type.status","published"],["dspace.entity.type","Publication"]]

[["dc.bibliographiccitation.firstpage","99"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.issue","2"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.journal","The Journal of General Physiology"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.lastpage","107"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.volume","123"],["dc.contributor.author","Manzini, Ivan"],["dc.contributor.author","Schild, Detlev"],["dc.date.accessioned","2018-11-07T10:51:27Z"],["dc.date.available","2018-11-07T10:51:27Z"],["dc.date.issued","2004"],["dc.description.abstract","In olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) of aquatic animals amino acids have been shown to be potent stimuli. Here we report on calcium imaging experiments in slices of the olfactory mucosa of Xenopus laevis tadpoles. We were able to determine the response profiles of 283 ORNs to 19 amino acids, where one profile comprises the responses of one ORN to 19 amino acids. 204 out of the 283 response profiles differed from each other. 36 response spectra occurred more than once, i.e., there were 36 classes of ORNs identically responding to the 19 amino acids. The number of ORNs that formed a class ranged from 2 to 13. Shape and duration of amino acid-elicited [Ca2+](i) transients showed a high degree of similarity upon repeated Stimulation with the same amino acid. Different amino acids, however, in some cases led to clearly distinguishable calcium responses in individual ORNs. Furthermore, ORNs clearly appeared to gain selectivity over time, i.e., ORNs of later developmental stages responded to less amino acids than ORNs of earlier stages. We discuss the narrowing of ORNT selectivity over stages in the context of expression of olfactory receptors."],["dc.identifier.doi","10.1085/jgp.200308970"],["dc.identifier.isi","000188785000002"],["dc.identifier.pmid","14744986"],["dc.identifier.uri","https://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?gro-2/48896"],["dc.notes.status","zu prüfen"],["dc.notes.submitter","Najko"],["dc.publisher","Rockefeller Univ Press"],["dc.relation.issn","0022-1295"],["dc.title","Classes and narrowing selectivity of olfactory receptor neurons of Xenopus laevis tadpoles"],["dc.type","journal_article"],["dc.type.internalPublication","yes"],["dc.type.peerReviewed","yes"],["dc.type.status","published"],["dspace.entity.type","Publication"]]

[["dc.bibliographiccitation.firstpage","475"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.issue","2"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.journal","The Journal of Physiology"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.lastpage","484"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.volume","545"],["dc.contributor.author","Manzini, Ivan"],["dc.contributor.author","Rossler, W."],["dc.contributor.author","Schild, Detlev"],["dc.date.accessioned","2018-11-07T09:46:19Z"],["dc.date.available","2018-11-07T09:46:19Z"],["dc.date.issued","2002"],["dc.description.abstract","We report on responses of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) upon application of amino acids and forskolin using a novel slice preparation of the olfactory epithelium of Xenopus laevis tadpoles. Responses were measured using the patch-damp technique. Both amino acids and forskolin proved to be potent stimuli. Interestingly, a number of ORNs that responded to amino acids did not respond to forskolin. This suggests that some amino acids activate transduction pathways other than the well-known cAMP-mediated one. The differential processing of cAMP-mediated stimuli on the one hand and amino acid stimuli on the other was further elucidated by calcium-imaging of olfactory bulb neurons using a novel nose-olfactory bulb preparation of Xenopus laevis tadpoles. The projection pattern of amino acid-sensitive ORNs to olfactory bulb neurons differed markedly from the projection pattern of forskolin-sensitive ORNs. Olfactory bulb neurons activated by amino acids were located laterally compared to those activated by forskolin, and only a small proportion responded to both stimuli. The ensemble of neurons activated by forskolin was also activated by the phosphodiesterase inhibitor 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX) and the membrane-permeant cAMP analogue 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (pCPT-cAMP). We therefore conclude that sensory transduction of a number of amino acids is cAMP independent, and amino acid- and cAMP-mediated responses are processed differentially at the level of the olfactory bulb."],["dc.identifier.doi","10.1113/jphysiol.2002.031914"],["dc.identifier.isi","000180075200016"],["dc.identifier.pmid","12456827"],["dc.identifier.uri","https://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?gro-2/34844"],["dc.notes.status","zu prüfen"],["dc.notes.submitter","Najko"],["dc.publisher","Cambridge Univ Press"],["dc.relation.issn","0022-3751"],["dc.title","cAMP-independent responses of olfactory neurons in Xenopus laevis tadpoles and their projection onto olfactory bulb neurons"],["dc.type","journal_article"],["dc.type.internalPublication","yes"],["dc.type.peerReviewed","yes"],["dc.type.status","published"],["dspace.entity.type","Publication"]]

[["dc.bibliographiccitation.firstpage","E61"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.issue","3"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.journal","Chemical Senses"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.lastpage","E62"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.volume","34"],["dc.contributor.author","Hassenkloever, Thomas"],["dc.contributor.author","Kurtanska, Silvia"],["dc.contributor.author","Junek, Stephan"],["dc.contributor.author","Bartoszek, Ilonka"],["dc.contributor.author","Schild, Detlev"],["dc.contributor.author","Manzini, Ivan"],["dc.date.accessioned","2018-11-07T08:31:54Z"],["dc.date.available","2018-11-07T08:31:54Z"],["dc.date.issued","2009"],["dc.identifier.isi","000263408400198"],["dc.identifier.uri","https://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?gro-2/17222"],["dc.notes.status","zu prüfen"],["dc.notes.submitter","Najko"],["dc.publisher","Oxford Univ Press"],["dc.publisher.place","Oxford"],["dc.relation.conference","18th Congress of the European-Chemoreception-Research-Organization"],["dc.relation.eventlocation","Univ Lyubljana, Bernardin, SLOVENIA"],["dc.relation.issn","0379-864X"],["dc.title","Purinergic Signaling in the Olfactory Epithelium"],["dc.type","conference_abstract"],["dc.type.internalPublication","yes"],["dc.type.peerReviewed","yes"],["dc.type.status","published"],["dspace.entity.type","Publication"]]

[["dc.bibliographiccitation.firstpage","A6"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.issue","7"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.journal","Chemical Senses"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.lastpage","A7"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.volume","34"],["dc.contributor.author","Manzini, Ivan"],["dc.contributor.author","Hassenkloever, Thomas"],["dc.contributor.author","Kurtanska, Silvia"],["dc.contributor.author","Junek, Stephan"],["dc.contributor.author","Bartoszek, Ilonka"],["dc.contributor.author","Schild, Detlev"],["dc.date.accessioned","2018-11-07T11:24:36Z"],["dc.date.available","2018-11-07T11:24:36Z"],["dc.date.issued","2009"],["dc.identifier.isi","000269196800022"],["dc.identifier.uri","https://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?gro-2/56443"],["dc.notes.status","zu prüfen"],["dc.notes.submitter","Najko"],["dc.publisher","Oxford Univ Press"],["dc.publisher.place","Oxford"],["dc.relation.conference","31st Annual Meeting of the Association-for-Chemoreception-Sciences"],["dc.relation.eventlocation","Sarasota, FL"],["dc.relation.issn","0379-864X"],["dc.title","Nucleotide-Mediated Signaling in the Olfactory Epithelium"],["dc.type","conference_abstract"],["dc.type.internalPublication","yes"],["dc.type.peerReviewed","yes"],["dc.type.status","published"],["dspace.entity.type","Publication"]]

[["dc.bibliographiccitation.firstpage","2111"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.issue","8"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.journal","European Journal of Neuroscience"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.lastpage","2123"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.volume","20"],["dc.contributor.author","Schild, Detlev"],["dc.contributor.author","Manzini, Ivan"],["dc.date.accessioned","2018-11-07T10:45:08Z"],["dc.date.available","2018-11-07T10:45:08Z"],["dc.date.issued","2004"],["dc.description.abstract","Olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) of Xenopus laevis tadpoles respond to water-born stimuli such as amino acids. Their sensitivity spectra with respect to amino acids have recently been shown to become more selective over ontogenetic stages [Manzini & Schild (2004) J. Gen. Physiol., 123, 99-107]. In this paper, we undertake a theoretical analysis of this data set and determine the correlational relationships among odorant responses represented as binary response vectors. We first show that, on the one hand, the number of 204 ORN classes (out of 283 recorded ORNs) cannot be explained by a random expression pattern of olfactory receptors (ORs). On the other hand, this number does not appear to be reconcilable with the idea that individual ORNs express one type of OR each. The covariance matrix of stimulus responses shows that the responses to some stimuli are correlated to those of others. Furthermore, the response vectors show positive as well as negative correlations among each other. While the positive correlations can partly be explained by the differing response frequencies to the odorants used, the negative ones cannot. Finally, we analyse the similarity among responses using the Hamming distance as a distance measure, the result being that most response vectors differ from others by small Hamming distances. Such vectors are shown to form pattern cascades, possibly reflecting a decreasing number of ORs being expressed over ontogenetic stages."],["dc.identifier.doi","10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03672.x"],["dc.identifier.isi","000224000800015"],["dc.identifier.pmid","15450090"],["dc.identifier.uri","https://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?gro-2/47429"],["dc.notes.status","zu prüfen"],["dc.notes.submitter","Najko"],["dc.publisher","Blackwell Publishing Ltd"],["dc.relation.issn","0953-816X"],["dc.title","Cascades of response vectors of olfactory receptor neurons in Xenopus laevis tadpoles"],["dc.type","journal_article"],["dc.type.internalPublication","yes"],["dc.type.peerReviewed","yes"],["dc.type.status","published"],["dspace.entity.type","Publication"]]

[["dc.bibliographiccitation.firstpage","115"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.issue","1"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.journal","The Journal of Physiology"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.lastpage","123"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.volume","551"],["dc.contributor.author","Manzini, Ivan"],["dc.contributor.author","Schild, Detlev"],["dc.date.accessioned","2018-11-07T10:36:58Z"],["dc.date.available","2018-11-07T10:36:58Z"],["dc.date.issued","2003"],["dc.description.abstract","Whether odorants are transduced by only one or more than one second messenger has been a longstanding question in olfactory research. In a previous study we started to address this question mainly by using calcium imaging in the olfactory bulb. Here, we present direct evidence for our earlier conclusions using the calcium imaging technique in the mucosa slice. The above question can now unambiguously be answered. We show that some olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) respond to stimulation with amino acids with an increase of the intracellular calcium concentration [Ca2+](i). In order to see whether or not these responses were mediated by the cAMP transduction pathway we applied forskolin or the membrane-permeant cAMP analogue pCPT-cAMP to the olfactory epithelium. The ensemble of ORNs that was activated by amino acids markedly differed from the ensemble of neurons activated by forskolin or pCPT-cANIP. Less than 6% of the responding ORNs showed a response to both amino acids and the pharmacological agents activating the cANIP transduction pathway. We conclude that ORNs of Xenopus laevis tadpoles have both cAMP-dependent and cAMP-independent olfactory transduction pathways and that most amino acids are transduced in a cAMP-independent way."],["dc.identifier.doi","10.1113/jphysiol.2003.043059"],["dc.identifier.isi","000185247700013"],["dc.identifier.pmid","12824450"],["dc.identifier.uri","https://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?gro-2/45451"],["dc.notes.status","zu prüfen"],["dc.notes.submitter","Najko"],["dc.publisher","Cambridge Univ Press"],["dc.relation.issn","0022-3751"],["dc.title","cAMP-independent olfactory transduction of amino acids in Xenopus laevis tadpoles"],["dc.type","journal_article"],["dc.type.internalPublication","yes"],["dc.type.peerReviewed","yes"],["dc.type.status","published"],["dspace.entity.type","Publication"]]

[["dc.bibliographiccitation.issue","8"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.journal","Chemical Senses"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.volume","31"],["dc.contributor.author","Manzini, Ivan"],["dc.contributor.author","Brase, Christoph"],["dc.contributor.author","Schild, Detlev"],["dc.date.accessioned","2018-11-07T09:08:59Z"],["dc.date.available","2018-11-07T09:08:59Z"],["dc.date.issued","2006"],["dc.format.extent","E40"],["dc.identifier.isi","000241091600151"],["dc.identifier.uri","https://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?gro-2/26158"],["dc.notes.status","zu prüfen"],["dc.notes.submitter","Najko"],["dc.publisher","Oxford Univ Press"],["dc.publisher.place","Oxford"],["dc.relation.conference","17th Congress of the European-Chemoreception-Research-Organization (ECRO)"],["dc.relation.eventlocation","Granada, SPAIN"],["dc.relation.issn","0379-864X"],["dc.title","Response profiles of individual olfactory glomeruli in the main olfactory bulb of Xenopus laevis tadpoles"],["dc.type","conference_abstract"],["dc.type.internalPublication","yes"],["dc.type.peerReviewed","yes"],["dc.type.status","published"],["dspace.entity.type","Publication"]]

[["dc.bibliographiccitation.firstpage","375"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.issue","2"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.journal","The Journal of Physiology"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.lastpage","385"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.volume","546"],["dc.contributor.author","Manzini, Ivan"],["dc.contributor.author","Schild, Detlev"],["dc.date.accessioned","2018-11-07T10:41:40Z"],["dc.date.available","2018-11-07T10:41:40Z"],["dc.date.issued","2003"],["dc.description.abstract","Olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) are the only class of neurons that is directly exposed to the environment. Therefore, they need to deal with xenobiotic and potentially cytotoxic substances. Here we show for the first time that ORNs possess transporter systems that expel xenobiotics across the plasma membrane. Using calcein and calcium-indicator dyes as xenobiotics, we demonstrate that ORNs appear to express the multidrug resistance P-glycoprotein (MDR1) and multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRP). This endows ORNs with the ability to transport a large number of substrates including calcium-indicator dyes and calcein across their plasma membranes. Conversely, blocking P-glycoprotein and MRP increases the net uptake of these dyes."],["dc.identifier.doi","10.1113/jphysiol.2002.033175"],["dc.identifier.isi","000183569700006"],["dc.identifier.pmid","12527725"],["dc.identifier.uri","https://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?gro-2/46595"],["dc.notes.status","zu prüfen"],["dc.notes.submitter","Najko"],["dc.publisher","Cambridge Univ Press"],["dc.relation.issn","0022-3751"],["dc.title","Multidrug resistance transporters in the olfactory receptor neurons of Xenopus laevis tadpoles"],["dc.type","journal_article"],["dc.type.internalPublication","yes"],["dc.type.peerReviewed","yes"],["dc.type.status","published"],["dspace.entity.type","Publication"]]