Rapid shift from denitrification to nitrification in soil after biogas residue application as indicated by nitrous oxide isotopomers

Nitrous oxide (N(2)O) is one of the major greenhouse gases emitted from soils, where it is mainly produced by nitrification and denitrification. It is well known that rates of N(2)O release from soils are mainly determined by the availability of substrates and oxygen, but N(2)O source apportioning, highly needed to advance N(2)O mitigation strategies, still remains challenging. In this study, using an automated soil incubation system, the N(2)O site preference, i.e. the intramolecular 1514 distribution, was analyzed to evaluate the progression in N(2)O source processes following organic soil amendment. Biogas fermentation residue (BGR; originating from food waste fermentation) was applied to repacked grassland soil cores and compared to ammonium sulfate (AS) application, both at rates equivalent to 160 kg NH(4)(+)-N ha(-1), and to unamended soil (control). The soil cores were incubated in a helium-oxygen atmosphere with 20 kPa O(2) for 43 days at 80% water-filled pore space. 43-day cumulative N(2)O emissions were highest with BGR treated soil accounting for about 1.68 kg N(2)O-N ha(-1) while application of AS caused much lower fluxes of c. 0.23 kg N(2)O-N ha(-1). Also, after BGR application, carbon dioxide (CO(2)) fluxes showed a pronounced initial peak with steep decline until day 21 whereas with ammonium addition they remained at the background level. N(2)O dual isotope and isotopomer analysis of gas samples collected from BGR treated soil indicated bacterial denitrification to be the main N(2)O generating process during the first three weeks when high CO(2) fluxes signified high carbon availability. In contrast, in the second half after all added labile carbon substrates had been consumed, nitrification, i.e. the generation of N(2)O via oxidation of hydroxylamine, gained in importance reaching roughly the same N(2)O production rate compared to bacterial denitrification as indicated by N(2)O SP. Overall in this study, bacterial denitrification seemed to be the main N(2)O forming process after application of biogas residues and fluxes were mainly driven by available organic carbon. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.