Kuo, Min-Fang

[["dc.bibliographiccitation.firstpage","14442"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.issue","52"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.journal","Journal of Neuroscience"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.lastpage","14447"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.volume","27"],["dc.contributor.author","Kuo, Min-Fang"],["dc.contributor.author","Grosch, Jan"],["dc.contributor.author","Fregni, Felipe"],["dc.contributor.author","Paulus, Walter J."],["dc.contributor.author","Nitsche, Michael A."],["dc.date.accessioned","2018-11-07T10:43:58Z"],["dc.date.available","2018-11-07T10:43:58Z"],["dc.date.issued","2007"],["dc.description.abstract","Cholinergic neuromodulation is pivotal for arousal, attention, and cognitive processes. Loss or dysregulation of cholinergic inputs leads to cognitive impairments like those manifested in Alzheimer's disease. Such dysfunction can be at least partially restored by an increase of acetylcholine (ACh). In animal studies, ACh selectively facilitates long-term excitability changes induced by feed-forward afferent input. Consequently, it has been hypothesized that ACh enhances the signal-to-noise ratio of input processing. However, the neurophysiological foundation for its ability to enhance cognition in humans is not well documented. In this study we explore the effects of rivastigmine, a cholinesterase inhibitor, on global and synapse-specific forms of cortical plasticity induced by transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and paired associative stimulation (PAS) on 10-12 healthy subjects, respectively. Rivastigmine essentially blocked the induction of the global excitability enhancement elicited by anodal tDCS and revealed a tendency to first reduce and then stabilize cathodal tDCS-induced inhibitory aftereffects. However, ACh enhanced the synapse-specific excitability enhancement produced by facilitatory PAS and consolidated the inhibitory PAS-induced excitability diminution. These findings are in line with a cholinergic focusing effect that optimizes the detection of relevant signals during information processing in humans."],["dc.identifier.doi","10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4104-07.2007"],["dc.identifier.isi","000251911100024"],["dc.identifier.pmid","18160652"],["dc.identifier.uri","https://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?gro-2/47168"],["dc.notes.status","zu prüfen"],["dc.notes.submitter","Najko"],["dc.publisher","Soc Neuroscience"],["dc.relation.issn","0270-6474"],["dc.title","Focusing effect of acetylcholine on neuroplasticity in the human motor cortex"],["dc.type","journal_article"],["dc.type.internalPublication","yes"],["dc.type.peerReviewed","yes"],["dc.type.status","published"],["dspace.entity.type","Publication"]]

[["dc.bibliographiccitation.firstpage","10701"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.issue","32"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.journal","Journal of Neuroscience"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.lastpage","10709"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.volume","34"],["dc.contributor.author","Fresnoza, Shane"],["dc.contributor.author","Stiksrud, Elisabeth"],["dc.contributor.author","Klinker, Florian"],["dc.contributor.author","Liebetanz, David"],["dc.contributor.author","Paulus, Walter J."],["dc.contributor.author","Kuo, Min-Fang"],["dc.contributor.author","Nitsche, Michael A."],["dc.date.accessioned","2018-11-07T09:36:45Z"],["dc.date.available","2018-11-07T09:36:45Z"],["dc.date.issued","2014"],["dc.description.abstract","The neuromodulator dopamine plays an important role in synaptic plasticity. The effects depend on receptor subtypes, affinity, concentration level, and the kind of neuroplasticity induced. In animal experiments, dopamine D-2-like receptor stimulation revealed partially antagonistic effects on plasticity, which might be explained by dosage dependency. In humans, D-2 receptor block abolishes plasticity, and the D-2/D-3, but predominantly D-3, receptor agonist ropinirol has a dosage-dependent nonlinear affect on plasticity. Here we aimed to determine the specific affect of D-2 receptor activation on neuroplasticity in humans, because physiological effects of D-2 and D-3 receptors might differ. Therefore, we combined application of the selective D-2 receptor agonist bromocriptine (2.5, 10, and 20 mg or placebo medication) with anodal and cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), which induces nonfocal plasticity, and with paired associative stimulation (PAS) generating a more focal kind of plasticity in the motor cortex of healthy humans. Plasticity was monitored by transcranial magnetic stimulation-induced motor-evoked potential amplitudes. For facilitatory tDCS, bromocriptine prevented plasticity induction independent from drug dosage. However, its application resulted in an inverted U-shaped dose-response curve on inhibitory tDCS, excitability-diminishing PAS, and to a minor degree on excitability-enhancing PAS. These data support the assumption that modulation of D-2-like receptor activity exerts a nonlinear dose-dependent effect on neuroplasticity in the human motor cortex that differs from predominantly D-3 receptor activation and that the kind of plasticity-induction procedure is relevant for its specific impact."],["dc.description.sponsorship","German Research Foundation [NI 683/6-1]"],["dc.identifier.doi","10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0832-14.2014"],["dc.identifier.isi","000341017300023"],["dc.identifier.pmid","25100602"],["dc.identifier.uri","https://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?gro-2/32687"],["dc.notes.status","zu prüfen"],["dc.notes.submitter","Najko"],["dc.publisher","Soc Neuroscience"],["dc.relation.issn","0270-6474"],["dc.title","Dosage-Dependent Effect of Dopamine D-2 Receptor Activation on Motor Cortex Plasticity in Humans"],["dc.type","journal_article"],["dc.type.internalPublication","yes"],["dc.type.peerReviewed","yes"],["dc.type.status","published"],["dspace.entity.type","Publication"]]

[["dc.bibliographiccitation.firstpage","648"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.issue","3"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.journal","Cerebral Cortex"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.lastpage","651"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.volume","18"],["dc.contributor.author","Kuo, Min-Fang"],["dc.contributor.author","Paulus, Walter J."],["dc.contributor.author","Nitsche, Michael A."],["dc.date.accessioned","2018-11-07T11:17:24Z"],["dc.date.available","2018-11-07T11:17:24Z"],["dc.date.issued","2008"],["dc.description.abstract","Dopamine (DA) simultaneously produces both excitation and inhibition in the human cortex. In order to shed light on the functional significance of these seemingly opposing effects, we administered the DA precursor levodopa (L-dopa) to healthy subjects in conjunction with 2 neuroplasticity-inducing motor cortex stimulation protocols. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) induces cortical excitability enhancement by anodal and depression by cathodal brain polarization, which is not restricted to specific subgroups of synapses. In contrast, paired associative stimulation (PAS) induces focal excitability enhancements of somatosensory and motor cortical neuronal synaptic connections. Here, we show that administering L-dopa turns the unspecific excitability enhancement caused by anodal tDCS into inhibition and prolongs the cathodal tDCS-induced excitability diminution. Conversely, it stabilizes the PAS-induced synapse-specific excitability increase. Most importantly, it prolongs all of these aftereffects by a factor of about 20. Hereby, DA focuses synapse-specific excitability-enhancing neuroplasticity in human cortical networks."],["dc.identifier.doi","10.1093/cercor/bhm098"],["dc.identifier.isi","000253490000015"],["dc.identifier.pmid","17591596"],["dc.identifier.uri","https://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?gro-2/54799"],["dc.notes.status","zu prüfen"],["dc.notes.submitter","Najko"],["dc.publisher","Oxford Univ Press Inc"],["dc.relation.issn","1047-3211"],["dc.title","Boosting focally-induced brain plasticity by dopamine"],["dc.type","journal_article"],["dc.type.internalPublication","yes"],["dc.type.peerReviewed","yes"],["dc.type.status","published"],["dspace.entity.type","Publication"]]

[["dc.bibliographiccitation.firstpage","1987"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.issue","7"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.journal","The Journal of Physiology"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.lastpage","2000"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.volume","591"],["dc.contributor.author","Batsikadze, Giorgi"],["dc.contributor.author","Moliadze, Vera"],["dc.contributor.author","Paulus, Walter J."],["dc.contributor.author","Kuo, M.-F."],["dc.contributor.author","Nitsche, M. A."],["dc.date.accessioned","2018-11-07T09:26:43Z"],["dc.date.available","2018-11-07T09:26:43Z"],["dc.date.issued","2013"],["dc.description.abstract","Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) of the human motor cortex at an intensity of 1mA with an electrode size of 35cm2 has been shown to induce shifts of cortical excitability during and after stimulation. These shifts are polarity-specific with cathodal tDCS resulting in a decrease and anodal stimulation in an increase of cortical excitability. In clinical and cognitive studies, stronger stimulation intensities are used frequently, but their physiological effects on cortical excitability have not yet been explored. Therefore, here we aimed to explore the effects of 2mA tDCS on cortical excitability. We applied 2mA anodal or cathodal tDCS for 20min on the left primary motor cortex of 14 healthy subjects. Cathodal tDCS at 1mA and sham tDCS for 20min was administered as control session in nine and eight healthy subjects, respectively. Motor cortical excitability was monitored by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)-elicited motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) from the right first dorsal interosseous muscle. Global corticospinal excitability was explored via single TMS pulse-elicited MEP amplitudes, and motor thresholds. Intracortical effects of stimulation were obtained by cortical silent period (CSP), short latency intracortical inhibition (SICI) and facilitation (ICF), and I wave facilitation. The above-mentioned protocols were recorded both before and immediately after tDCS in randomized order. Additionally, single-pulse MEPs, motor thresholds, SICI and ICF were recorded every 30min up to 2h after stimulation end, evening of the same day, next morning, next noon and next evening. Anodal as well as cathodal tDCS at 2mA resulted in a significant increase of MEP amplitudes, whereas 1mA cathodal tDCS decreased corticospinal excitability. A significant shift of SICI and ICF towards excitability enhancement after both 2mA cathodal and anodal tDCS was observed. At 1mA, cathodal tDCS reduced single-pulse TMS-elicited MEP amplitudes and shifted SICI and ICF towards inhibition. No significant changes were observed in the other protocols. Sham tDCS did not induce significant MEP alterations. These results suggest that an enhancement of tDCS intensity does not necessarily increase efficacy of stimulation, but might also shift the direction of excitability alterations. This should be taken into account for applications of the stimulation technique using different intensities and durations in order to achieve stronger or longer lasting after-effects."],["dc.identifier.doi","10.1113/jphysiol.2012.249730"],["dc.identifier.isi","000316918300032"],["dc.identifier.pmid","23339180"],["dc.identifier.uri","https://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?gro-2/30366"],["dc.notes.status","zu prüfen"],["dc.notes.submitter","Najko"],["dc.publisher","Wiley-blackwell"],["dc.relation.issn","0022-3751"],["dc.title","Partially non-linear stimulation intensity-dependent effects of direct current stimulation on motor cortex excitability in humans"],["dc.type","journal_article"],["dc.type.internalPublication","yes"],["dc.type.peerReviewed","yes"],["dc.type.status","published"],["dspace.entity.type","Publication"]]

[["dc.bibliographiccitation.firstpage","690"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.issue","4"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.journal","Brain Stimulation"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.lastpage","695"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.volume","6"],["dc.contributor.author","Palm, Ulrich"],["dc.contributor.author","Reisinger, Eva"],["dc.contributor.author","Keeser, Daniel"],["dc.contributor.author","Kuo, Min-Fang"],["dc.contributor.author","Pogarell, Oliver"],["dc.contributor.author","Leicht, Gregor"],["dc.contributor.author","Mulert, Christoph"],["dc.contributor.author","Nitsche, Michael A."],["dc.contributor.author","Padberg, Frank"],["dc.date.accessioned","2018-11-07T09:22:54Z"],["dc.date.available","2018-11-07T09:22:54Z"],["dc.date.issued","2013"],["dc.description.abstract","Background: Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been investigated as therapeutic intervention in various psychiatric and neurologic disorders. As placebo responses to technical interventions may be pronounced in many clinical conditions, it is important to thoroughly develop placebo conditions which meet the requirements for application in randomized double-blind controlled trials. Objective: The two-part experiment reported here aims at evaluating a new sham tDCS condition in healthy subjects and device operators. Sham or active tDCS is delivered after entering a number code to the device and allows blinding of the operator before and during tDCS. The sham mode has no short stimulation period. Methods: The experimental sequence was as follows: 1) Evaluation of successful blinding by comparing placebo to active stimulation at prefrontal sites based on the rating of subjects undergoing tDCS, 2) Evaluation of successful blinding by comparing placebo to active stimulation at prefrontal sites based on the operator/observer ratings. Results: Subjects were not able to distinguish between active and sham tDCS for prefrontal stimulation. Overall there was no relevant discomfort and tDCS was well tolerated. Operators/observers were able to identify sham stimulation based on skin reddening after active, but not after sham tDCS. Conclusions: The tDCS sham condition investigated here may be suitable for placebo-controlled trials keeping subjects blind to treatment conditions. However, operators can easily be aware of the condition applied and they should not get involved in rating outcome measures during the course of high standard placebo-controlled trials. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved."],["dc.description.sponsorship","neuroConn GmbH, Ilmenau, Germany"],["dc.identifier.doi","10.1016/j.brs.2013.01.005"],["dc.identifier.isi","000322292600032"],["dc.identifier.pmid","23415938"],["dc.identifier.uri","https://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?gro-2/29450"],["dc.notes.status","zu prüfen"],["dc.notes.submitter","Najko"],["dc.publisher","Elsevier Science Inc"],["dc.relation.issn","1935-861X"],["dc.title","Evaluation of Sham Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation for Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trials"],["dc.type","journal_article"],["dc.type.internalPublication","yes"],["dc.type.peerReviewed","yes"],["dc.type.status","published"],["dspace.entity.type","Publication"]]

[["dc.bibliographiccitation.firstpage","948"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.journal","NeuroImage"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.lastpage","960"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.volume","85"],["dc.contributor.author","Kuo, Min-Fang"],["dc.contributor.author","Paulus, Walter J."],["dc.contributor.author","Nitsche, Michael A."],["dc.date.accessioned","2018-11-07T09:45:08Z"],["dc.date.available","2018-11-07T09:45:08Z"],["dc.date.issued","2014"],["dc.description.abstract","Neuroplasticity, which is the dynamic structural and functional reorganization of central nervous system connectivity due to environmental and internal demands, is recognized as a major physiological basis for adaption of cognition, and behavior, and thus of utmost importance for normal brain function. Pathological alterations of plasticity are increasingly explored as pathophysiological foundation of diverse neurological and psychiatric diseases. Non-invasive brain stimulation techniques (NIBS), such as repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), are able to induce and modulate neuroplasticity in humans. Therefore, they have potential to alter pathological plasticity on the one hand, and foster physiological plasticity on the other, in neuropsychiatric diseases to reduce symptoms, and enhance rehabilitation. tDCS is an emerging NIBS tool, which induces glutamatergic plasticity via application of relatively weak currents through the scalp in humans. In the last years its efficacy to treat neuropsychiatric diseases has been explored increasingly. In this review, we will give an overview of pathological alterations of plasticity in neuropsychiatric diseases, gather clinical studies involving tDCS to ameliorate symptoms, and discuss future directions of application, with an emphasis on optimizing stimulation effects. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved."],["dc.identifier.doi","10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.05.117"],["dc.identifier.isi","000328870500007"],["dc.identifier.pmid","23747962"],["dc.identifier.uri","https://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?gro-2/34549"],["dc.notes.status","zu prüfen"],["dc.notes.submitter","Najko"],["dc.publisher","Academic Press Inc Elsevier Science"],["dc.relation.issn","1095-9572"],["dc.relation.issn","1053-8119"],["dc.title","Therapeutic effects of non-invasive brain stimulation with direct currents (tDCS) in neuropsychiatric diseases"],["dc.type","review"],["dc.type.internalPublication","yes"],["dc.type.peerReviewed","yes"],["dc.type.status","published"],["dspace.entity.type","Publication"]]

[["dc.bibliographiccitation.firstpage","1703"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.issue","16"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.journal","Neuroreport"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.lastpage","1707"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.volume","17"],["dc.contributor.author","Kuo, Min-Fang"],["dc.contributor.author","Paulus, Walter J."],["dc.contributor.author","Nitsche, Michael A."],["dc.date.accessioned","2018-11-07T08:58:51Z"],["dc.date.available","2018-11-07T08:58:51Z"],["dc.date.issued","2006"],["dc.description.abstract","In the present study, we explore sex differences of neuroplasticity in humans, as revealed by transcranial direct current stimulation, which induces motor cortical excitability changes both during and after stimulation. We retrospectively re-analyzed data collected from previous transcranial direct current stimulation studies. In women, the excitability-diminishing after-effects of cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation were relevantly prolonged compared with the male group. Similarly, during a short direct current stimulation that elicits no after-effects, the female group showed more inhibition. In contrast, no significant differences between male and female study participants were found for excitability-enhancing anodal transcranial direct current stimulation. These results suggest sex differences, possibly due to the effects of sex hormones, in the modulation of human cortical plasticity."],["dc.identifier.doi","10.1097/01.wnr.0000239955.68319.c2"],["dc.identifier.isi","000241961900009"],["dc.identifier.pmid","17047457"],["dc.identifier.uri","https://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?gro-2/23746"],["dc.notes.status","zu prüfen"],["dc.notes.submitter","Najko"],["dc.publisher","Lippincott Williams & Wilkins"],["dc.relation.issn","0959-4965"],["dc.title","Sex differences in cortical neuroplasticity in humans"],["dc.type","journal_article"],["dc.type.internalPublication","yes"],["dc.type.peerReviewed","yes"],["dc.type.status","published"],["dspace.entity.type","Publication"]]

[["dc.bibliographiccitation.firstpage","2122"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.issue","8"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.journal","Neuropsychologia"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.lastpage","2128"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.volume","46"],["dc.contributor.author","Kuo, Min-Fang"],["dc.contributor.author","Unger, Mandy"],["dc.contributor.author","Liebetanz, David"],["dc.contributor.author","Lang, Nicolas"],["dc.contributor.author","Tergau, Frithjof"],["dc.contributor.author","Paulus, Walter J."],["dc.contributor.author","Nitsche, Michael A."],["dc.date.accessioned","2018-11-07T11:20:28Z"],["dc.date.available","2018-11-07T11:20:28Z"],["dc.date.issued","2008"],["dc.description.abstract","Neuroplasticity is the adaptive modification of network connectivity in response to environmental demands and has been identified as a major physiological correlate of learning. Since unrestricted neuroplastic modifications of network connectivity will result in a cle-stabilization of the system, metaplastic modification rules have been proposed for keeping plastic connectivity changes within a useful dynamic range. In this connection, the modification threshold to achieve synaptic strengthening is thought to correlate negatively with the history of activity of the respective neurons, i.e. high previous activity enhances the threshold for synaptic strengthening and vice versa. However, the relevance of metaplasticity for actual learning processes has not been tested so far. We reduced or enhanced motor cortex excitability before performance of the serial reaction time task (SRTT), a sequential motor learning paradigm, and a reaction time task (RTT) by transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). If homeostatic rules apply, excitability-diminishing cathodal tDCS should improve subsequent motor learning, especially if combined with the partial NMDA receptor-agoniSt D-cycloserine, which selectively enhances efficacy of active receptors, while excitability-enhancing anodal tDCS should reduce it. Only the results for anodal tDCS, when combined with D-cycloserine, were in accordance with the rules of homeostatic plasticity. We conclude that homeostatic plasticity, as tested here, has a limited influence on implicit sequential motor learning. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved."],["dc.identifier.doi","10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.02.023"],["dc.identifier.isi","000257530800002"],["dc.identifier.pmid","18394661"],["dc.identifier.uri","https://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?gro-2/55544"],["dc.notes.status","zu prüfen"],["dc.notes.submitter","Najko"],["dc.publisher","Pergamon-elsevier Science Ltd"],["dc.relation.issn","0028-3932"],["dc.title","Limited impact of homeostatic plasticity on motor learning in humans"],["dc.type","journal_article"],["dc.type.internalPublication","yes"],["dc.type.peerReviewed","yes"],["dc.type.status","published"],["dspace.entity.type","Publication"]]

[["dc.bibliographiccitation.firstpage","52"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.journal","Brain Research"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.lastpage","62"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.volume","1576"],["dc.contributor.author","Pavlova, Elena"],["dc.contributor.author","Kuo, Min-Fang"],["dc.contributor.author","Nitsche, Michael A."],["dc.contributor.author","Borg, Jorgen"],["dc.date.accessioned","2018-11-07T09:36:39Z"],["dc.date.available","2018-11-07T09:36:39Z"],["dc.date.issued","2014"],["dc.description.abstract","Premotor cortex activity is associated with complex motor performance and motor learning and offers a potential target to improve dexterity by transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). We explored the effects of tDCS Of premotor cortex on performance of a Strength-Dexterity test in healthy subjects. Methods: During the test a slender spring held between thumb and index finger should be compressed as much as possible without buckling. Finger forces assessed in the test provided a measure of dexterity. First, task performance was tested in 12 persons during anodal tDCS to the primary motor cortex (M1) contralateral to the performing hand, and sham stimulation. Another 12 persons participated in five sessions of anodal and cathodal tDCS over the left and the right premotor cortex and sham stimulation. Results: tDCS over M1 as well as over the left, but not the right premotor cortex resulted in significant improvement of performance. Performance alterations correlated positively between left anodal and right cathodal tDCS and negatively between anodal tDCS of the two sides. Effective polarity for premotor stimulation to improve task performance differed between participants. Individuals who improved with anodal stimulation used lower finger force and experienced the test as more difficult compared to those who improved with cathodal stimulation. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that tDCS over the left premotor cortex can improve performance of a dexterity demanding task. The effective polarity of stimulation depends on the task performance strategies. The study moreover shows a functional relevance of interactions between the left and right premotor cortex. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved."],["dc.identifier.doi","10.1016/j.brainres.2014.06.023"],["dc.identifier.isi","000340319300006"],["dc.identifier.pmid","24978602"],["dc.identifier.uri","https://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?gro-2/32664"],["dc.notes.status","zu prüfen"],["dc.notes.submitter","Najko"],["dc.publisher","Elsevier Science Bv"],["dc.relation.issn","1872-6240"],["dc.relation.issn","0006-8993"],["dc.title","Transcranial direct current stimulation of the premotor cortex: Effects on hand dexterity"],["dc.type","journal_article"],["dc.type.internalPublication","yes"],["dc.type.peerReviewed","yes"],["dc.type.status","published"],["dspace.entity.type","Publication"]]

[["dc.bibliographiccitation.firstpage","192"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.issue","3"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.journal","Clinical EEG and Neuroscience"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.lastpage","199"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.volume","43"],["dc.contributor.author","Kuo, Min-Fang"],["dc.contributor.author","Nitsche, Michael A."],["dc.date.accessioned","2018-11-07T09:08:21Z"],["dc.date.available","2018-11-07T09:08:21Z"],["dc.date.issued","2012"],["dc.description.abstract","Alterations of cortical excitability, oscillatory as well as non-oscillatory, are physiological derivates of cognitive processes, such as perception, working memory, learning, and long-term memory formation. Since noninvasive electrical brain stimulation is capable of inducing alterations in the human brain, these stimulation approaches might be attractive tools to modulate cognition. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) alters spontaneous cortical activity, while transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) and transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS) are presumed to induce or interfere with oscillations of cortical networks. Via these mechanisms, the respective stimulation techniques have indeed been shown to modulate cognitive processes in a multitude of studies conducted during the last years. In this review, we will gather knowledge about the potential of noninvasive electrical brain stimulation to study and modify cognitive processes in healthy humans and discuss directions of future research."],["dc.identifier.doi","10.1177/1550059412444975"],["dc.identifier.isi","000308411800004"],["dc.identifier.pmid","22956647"],["dc.identifier.uri","https://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?gro-2/26013"],["dc.notes.status","zu prüfen"],["dc.notes.submitter","Najko"],["dc.publisher","Eeg & Clinical Neuroscience Soc (e C N S)"],["dc.relation.issn","1550-0594"],["dc.title","Effects of Transcranial Electrical Stimulation on Cognition"],["dc.type","journal_article"],["dc.type.internalPublication","yes"],["dc.type.peerReviewed","yes"],["dc.type.status","published"],["dspace.entity.type","Publication"]]