Schlögl, Christian

[["dc.bibliographiccitation.artnumber","504"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.firstpage","1"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.issue","1"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.journal","Frontiers in Psychology"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.lastpage","8"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.volume","3"],["dc.contributor.author","Henselek, Yuki"],["dc.contributor.author","Fischer, Julia"],["dc.contributor.author","Schloegl, Christian"],["dc.date.accessioned","2017-09-07T11:47:42Z"],["dc.date.available","2017-09-07T11:47:42Z"],["dc.date.issued","2012"],["dc.description.abstract","The ability to understand the relation between quantities has been documented in a wide range of species. Such quantity discrimination competences are commonly demonstrated by a choice of the larger quantity or numerosity in a two-choice task. However, despite their overall success, many subjects commit a surprisingly large number of errors even in simple discriminations such as 1 vs. 3. Recently, it had been suggested that this is a result of the testing procedure. When monkeys could choose between different quantities of edible rewards, they showed low-level success. If, however, they chose between inedible items and were rewarded with edible items, their performance increased. The same held true if they chose between edible items but were rewarded with other edible items (Schmitt and Fischer, 2011). This led to the suggestion that the monkeys may not have been able to mentally separate between choice- and reward-stimuli in the initial test situation. To investigate if this response pattern can also be found in non-primate species, we replicated the experiment with 12 Icelandic horses kept at a private horse-riding school. Horses are known to discriminate between quantities up to three, but are very distantly related to primates. Unexpectedly, we found only weak evidence for quantity discrimination skills and no effect of the type of stimuli. Only some subjects reliably selected the larger quantity in some, but not all quantity pairs. These findings are not only in contrast to the previously conducted study on monkeys, but also to other studies on horses. From this, we conclude that quantity discrimination competence may only be of minor importance for horses and highlight the influence of experimental conditions on the outcome of cognitive tests."],["dc.description.sponsorship","Open-Access-Publikationsfonds 2012"],["dc.identifier.doi","10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00504"],["dc.identifier.gro","3150684"],["dc.identifier.pmid","23181043"],["dc.identifier.purl","https://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?gs-1/8374"],["dc.identifier.uri","https://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?gro-2/7468"],["dc.language.iso","en"],["dc.notes.intern","Merged from goescholar"],["dc.notes.status","final"],["dc.relation.issn","1664-1078"],["dc.rights","CC BY 3.0"],["dc.rights.uri","https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0"],["dc.title","Does the Stimulus Type Influence Horses’ Performance in a Quantity Discrimination Task?"],["dc.type","journal_article"],["dc.type.internalPublication","unknown"],["dc.type.peerReviewed","yes"],["dc.type.version","published_version"],["dspace.entity.type","Publication"]]

[["dc.bibliographiccitation.firstpage","113"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.journal","Behavioural Processes"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.lastpage","117"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.volume","92"],["dc.contributor.author","Mikolasch, Sandra"],["dc.contributor.author","Kotrschal, Kurt"],["dc.contributor.author","Schloegl, Christian"],["dc.date.accessioned","2022-10-06T13:32:59Z"],["dc.date.available","2022-10-06T13:32:59Z"],["dc.date.issued","2013"],["dc.identifier.doi","10.1016/j.beproc.2012.10.017"],["dc.identifier.pii","S0376635712002355"],["dc.identifier.uri","https://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?gro-2/115511"],["dc.language.iso","en"],["dc.notes.intern","DOI-Import GROB-602"],["dc.relation.issn","0376-6357"],["dc.relation.orgunit","Deutsches Primatenzentrum"],["dc.title","Transitive inference in jackdaws (Corvus monedula)"],["dc.type","journal_article"],["dc.type.internalPublication","unknown"],["dspace.entity.type","Publication"]]

[["dc.contributor.author","Schloegl, Christian"],["dc.contributor.author","Fischer, Julia"],["dc.contributor.editor","Waldmann, Michael R."],["dc.date.accessioned","2017-09-07T11:47:41Z"],["dc.date.available","2017-09-07T11:47:41Z"],["dc.date.issued","2017"],["dc.description.abstract","One goal of comparative cognitive studies is to achieve a better understanding of the selective pressures and constraints that play a role in cognitive evolution. This chapter focuses on the question of causal reasoning in animals, which has mainly been investigated in tool-using and large-brained species. Our survey reveals that numerous animal species appear to be sensitive to violations of causality and may even be tuned to attend to causally relevant features. This, in turn, may facilitate causal learning. The ability to draw logical conclusions and make causal deductions, however, seems to be restricted to few species and limited to (ecologically) relevant contexts. It seems warranted to reject the traditional associationist view that non-human animals lack any understanding of causality, but convincing evidence for human-like abilities is lacking. For instance, animals do not appear to understand the causal structure of interventions."],["dc.format.extent","699"],["dc.identifier.doi","10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399550.013.36"],["dc.identifier.gro","3150682"],["dc.identifier.uri","https://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?gro-2/7466"],["dc.language.iso","en"],["dc.notes.status","final"],["dc.publisher","Oxford University Press"],["dc.publisher.place","Oxford"],["dc.relation.doi","10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399550.001.0001"],["dc.relation.isbn","978-0-19-939955-0"],["dc.relation.ispartof","The Oxford Handbook of Causal Reasoning"],["dc.subject","animals, causal learning, evolution of cognition, tool use"],["dc.title","Causal Reasoning in Non-Human Animals"],["dc.type","book_chapter"],["dc.type.internalPublication","yes"],["dc.type.peerReviewed","yes"],["dspace.entity.type","Publication"]]

[["dc.bibliographiccitation.firstpage","875"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.issue","6"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.journal","Biology Letters"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.lastpage","877"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.volume","7"],["dc.contributor.author","Mikolasch, Sandra"],["dc.contributor.author","Kotrschal, Kurt"],["dc.contributor.author","Schloegl, Christian"],["dc.date.accessioned","2022-10-06T13:35:33Z"],["dc.date.available","2022-10-06T13:35:33Z"],["dc.date.issued","2011"],["dc.description.abstract","Exclusion allows the detection of hidden food when confronted with the choice between an empty and a potentially baited food location. However, exclusion may be based on avoidance of the empty location without drawing inferences about the presence of the food in the baited location. So far, such inferences have been demonstrated in the great apes only: after seeing an experimenter eating one of two food types, which both had been hidden previously in two boxes, the apes were able to choose the box that still contained the other food type. African grey parrots are capable of exclusion, and we here assessed if they are capable of inference by exclusion. In our task, two different but equally preferred food items were hidden in full view of the birds under two opaque cups. Then, an experimenter secretly removed one food type and showed it to the bird. Similarly to the apes, one out of seven parrots significantly preferred the baited cup; control conditions rule out that its choice was based on associative learning or the use of olfactory cues. Thus, we conclude that—like the apes—some grey parrots are able to infer the location of a hidden food reward."],["dc.identifier.doi","10.1098/rsbl.2011.0500"],["dc.identifier.uri","https://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?gro-2/116123"],["dc.language.iso","en"],["dc.notes.intern","DOI-Import GROB-602"],["dc.relation.eissn","1744-957X"],["dc.relation.issn","1744-9561"],["dc.relation.orgunit","Deutsches Primatenzentrum"],["dc.rights.uri","https://royalsociety.org/journals/ethics-policies/data-sharing-mining/"],["dc.title","African grey parrots (\n Psittacus erithacus\n ) use inference by exclusion to find hidden food"],["dc.type","journal_article"],["dc.type.internalPublication","unknown"],["dspace.entity.type","Publication"]]

[["dc.bibliographiccitation.firstpage","493"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.issue","3"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.journal","Animal Cognition"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.lastpage","507"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.volume","16"],["dc.contributor.author","Schloegl, Christian"],["dc.contributor.author","Waldmann, Michael R."],["dc.contributor.author","Fischer, Julia"],["dc.date.accessioned","2017-09-07T11:47:16Z"],["dc.date.available","2017-09-07T11:47:16Z"],["dc.date.issued","2013"],["dc.description.abstract","Diagnostic reasoning, defined as the ability to infer unobserved causes based on the observation of their effects, is a central cognitive competency of humans. Yet, little is known about diagnostic reasoning in non-human primates, and what we know is largely restricted to the Great Apes. To track the evolutionary history of these skills within primates, we investigated long-tailed macaques' understanding of the significance of inclinations of covers of hidden food as diagnostic indicators for the presence of an object located underneath. Subjects were confronted with choices between different objects that might cover food items. Based on their physical characteristics, the shape and orientation of the covers did or did not reveal the location of a hidden reward. For instance, hiding the reward under a solid board led to its inclination, whereas a hollow cup remained unaltered. Thus, the type of cover and the occurrence or absence of a change in their appearance could potentially be used to reason diagnostically about the location of the reward. In several experiments, the macaques were confronted with a varying number of covers and their performance was dependent on the level of complexity and on the type of change of the covers' orientation. The macaques could use a board's inclination to detect the reward, but failed to do so if the lack of inclination was indicative of an alternative hiding place. We suggest that the monkeys' performance is based on a rudimentary understanding of causality, but find no good evidence for sophisticated diagnostic reasoning in this particular domain."],["dc.identifier.doi","10.1007/s10071-012-0591-x"],["dc.identifier.gro","3150669"],["dc.identifier.pmid","23417558"],["dc.identifier.purl","https://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?gs-1/10327"],["dc.identifier.uri","https://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?gro-2/7450"],["dc.language.iso","en"],["dc.notes.intern","Merged from goescholar"],["dc.notes.status","final"],["dc.relation.doi","10.1007/s10071-012-0591-x"],["dc.relation.issn","1435-9448"],["dc.relation.issn","1435-9448"],["dc.rights","Goescholar"],["dc.rights.uri","https://goescholar.uni-goettingen.de/licenses"],["dc.title","Understanding of and reasoning about object–object relationships in long-tailed macaques?"],["dc.type","journal_article"],["dc.type.internalPublication","unknown"],["dc.type.peerReviewed","no"],["dc.type.version","published_version"],["dspace.entity.type","Publication"]]

[["dc.bibliographiccitation.firstpage","162"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.issue","2"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.journal","Journal of Comparative Psychology"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.lastpage","174"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.volume","125"],["dc.contributor.author","Schloegl, Christian"],["dc.date.accessioned","2022-10-06T13:34:09Z"],["dc.date.available","2022-10-06T13:34:09Z"],["dc.date.issued","2011"],["dc.identifier.doi","10.1037/a0023045"],["dc.identifier.uri","https://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?gro-2/115842"],["dc.language.iso","en"],["dc.notes.intern","DOI-Import GROB-602"],["dc.relation.eissn","1939-2087"],["dc.relation.issn","0735-7036"],["dc.relation.orgunit","Deutsches Primatenzentrum"],["dc.title","What you see is what you get—Reloaded: Can jackdaws (Corvus monedula) find hidden food through exclusion?"],["dc.type","journal_article"],["dc.type.internalPublication","unknown"],["dspace.entity.type","Publication"]]

[["dc.bibliographiccitation.artnumber","e91348"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.firstpage","1"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.issue","3"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.journal","PLoS ONE"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.lastpage","6"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.volume","9"],["dc.contributor.author","Schmitt, Vanessa"],["dc.contributor.author","Schloegl, Christian"],["dc.contributor.author","Fischer, Julia"],["dc.date.accessioned","2017-09-07T11:47:40Z"],["dc.date.available","2017-09-07T11:47:40Z"],["dc.date.issued","2014"],["dc.description.abstract","Methodological variations in experimental conditions can strongly influence animals' performances in cognitive tests. Specifically, the procedure of the so-called object-choice task has been controversially discussed; here, a human experimenter indicates the location of hidden food by pointing or gazing at one of two or more containers. Whereas dogs usually succeed, results for nonhuman primates are ambiguous. In the standard version of the task the majority of subjects do not respond appropriately to human pointing. However, modifying the task setup, such as placing the containers further apart, seems to improve subjects' performances, suggesting that cue salience may be an important variable. Here we investigated whether the visibility of the experimenter inhibits long-tailed macaques' (Macaca fascicularis) usage of the pointing cue. In our baseline condition, with the experimenter fully visible, the monkeys chose the correct container in 61% of the trials. The performance increased significantly, however, when the experimenter was hidden behind a curtain and only the arm of the experimenter, a doll's arm, or a stick was visible. Furthermore, the monkeys performed significantly better when the tip of the pointing finger or device was close to the target compared to the more distant condition. Intriguingly, after these experiments the monkeys' performance was also significantly improved in the baseline condition (70%). Apparently, the monkeys were first distracted by the presence of the experimenter, but then learned to use the cue. These findings highlight the importance of the test conditions, and question some of the assumptions about species-specific differences in the object-choice task."],["dc.description.sponsorship","Open-Access-Publikationsfonds 2014"],["dc.identifier.doi","10.1371/journal.pone.0091348"],["dc.identifier.gro","3150675"],["dc.identifier.pmid","24646501"],["dc.identifier.purl","https://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?gs-1/10032"],["dc.identifier.uri","https://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?gro-2/7458"],["dc.language.iso","en"],["dc.notes.intern","Merged from goescholar"],["dc.notes.status","final"],["dc.relation.issn","1932-6203"],["dc.rights","CC BY 4.0"],["dc.rights.uri","https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0"],["dc.title","Seeing the Experimenter Influences the Response to Pointing Cues in Long-Tailed Macaques"],["dc.type","journal_article"],["dc.type.internalPublication","yes"],["dc.type.peerReviewed","no"],["dc.type.subtype","original_ja"],["dc.type.version","published_version"],["dspace.entity.type","Publication"]]

[["dc.bibliographiccitation.firstpage","4135"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.issue","1745"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.journal","Proceedings of The Royal Society B Biological Sciences"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.lastpage","4142"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.volume","279"],["dc.contributor.author","Schloegl, Christian"],["dc.contributor.author","Schmidt, Judith"],["dc.contributor.author","Boeckle, Markus"],["dc.contributor.author","Weiss, Brigitte M."],["dc.contributor.author","Kotrschal, Kurt"],["dc.date.accessioned","2018-11-07T09:04:32Z"],["dc.date.available","2018-11-07T09:04:32Z"],["dc.date.issued","2012"],["dc.description.abstract","Our ability to make logical inferences is considered as one of the cornerstones of human intelligence, fuelling investigations of reasoning abilities in non-human animals. Yet, the evidence to date is equivocal, with apes as the prime candidates to possess these skills. For instance, in a two-choice task, apes can identify the location of hidden food if it is indicated by a rattling noise caused by the shaking of a baited container. More importantly, they also use the absence of noise during the shaking of the empty container to infer that this container is not baited. However, since the inaugural report of apes solving this task, to the best of our knowledge, no comparable evidence could be found in any other tested species such as monkeys and dogs. Here, we report the first successful and instantaneous solution of the shaking task through logical inference by a non-ape species, the African grey parrot. Surprisingly, the performance of the birds was sensitive to the shaking movement: they were successful with containers shaken horizontally, but not with vertical shaking resembling parrot head-bobbing. Thus, grey parrots seem to possess ape-like cross-modal reasoning skills, but their reliance on these abilities is influenced by low-level interferences."],["dc.identifier.doi","10.1098/rspb.2012.1292"],["dc.identifier.isi","000308748000006"],["dc.identifier.pmid","22874753"],["dc.identifier.uri","https://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?gro-2/25126"],["dc.notes.status","zu prüfen"],["dc.notes.submitter","Najko"],["dc.publisher","Royal Soc"],["dc.relation.issn","0962-8452"],["dc.title","Grey parrots use inferential reasoning based on acoustic cues alone"],["dc.type","journal_article"],["dc.type.internalPublication","yes"],["dc.type.peerReviewed","yes"],["dc.type.status","published"],["dspace.entity.type","Publication"]]

[["dc.bibliographiccitation.firstpage","163"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.issue","1"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.journal","Animal Cognition"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.lastpage","164"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.volume","17"],["dc.contributor.author","Schloegl, Christian"],["dc.contributor.author","Waldmann, M. R."],["dc.contributor.author","Fischer, Julia"],["dc.date.accessioned","2018-11-07T09:47:02Z"],["dc.date.available","2018-11-07T09:47:02Z"],["dc.date.issued","2014"],["dc.identifier.doi","10.1007/s10071-013-0691-2"],["dc.identifier.isi","000329222900015"],["dc.identifier.uri","https://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?gro-2/35017"],["dc.notes.status","zu prüfen"],["dc.notes.submitter","Najko"],["dc.publisher","Springer"],["dc.publisher.place","Heidelberg"],["dc.relation.issn","1435-9456"],["dc.relation.issn","1435-9448"],["dc.title","Understanding of and reasoning about object-object relationships in long-tailed macaques? (vol 16, pg 493, 2013)"],["dc.type","journal_article"],["dc.type.internalPublication","yes"],["dc.type.peerReviewed","yes"],["dc.type.status","published"],["dspace.entity.type","Publication"]]

[["dc.bibliographiccitation.firstpage","73"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.issue","1"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.journal","Animal Cognition"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.lastpage","82"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.volume","15"],["dc.contributor.author","Mikolasch, Sandra"],["dc.contributor.author","Kotrschal, Kurt"],["dc.contributor.author","Schloegl, Christian"],["dc.date.accessioned","2019-07-09T11:54:18Z"],["dc.date.available","2019-07-09T11:54:18Z"],["dc.date.issued","2012"],["dc.description.abstract","Recently, two corvid species, food-caching ravens and non-caching jackdaws, have been tested in an exclusion performance (EP) task. While the ravens chose by exclusion, the jackdaws did not. Thus, foraging behaviour may affect EP abilities. To investigate this possibility, another food-caching corvid species, the carrion crow (Corvus corone corone), was tested in the same exclusion task. We hid food under one of two cups and subsequently lifted either both cups, or the baited or the un-baited cup. The crows were significantly above chance when both cups were lifted or when only the baited cup was lifted. When the empty cup was lifted, we found considerable inter-individual variation, with some birds having a significant preference for the un-baited but manipulated cup. In a follow-up task, we always provided the birds with the full information about the food location, but manipulated in which order they saw the hiding or the removal of food. Interestingly, they strongly preferred the cup which was manipulated last, even if it did not contain any food. Therefore, we repeated the first experiment but controlled for the movement of the cups. In this case, more crows found the food reliably in the un-baited condition. We conclude that carrion crows are able to choose by exclusion, but local enhancement has a strong influence on their performance and may overshadow potential inferential abilities. However, these findings support the hypothesis that caching might be a key to exclusion in corvids."],["dc.identifier.doi","10.1007/s10071-011-0434-1"],["dc.identifier.purl","https://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?gs-1/8832"],["dc.identifier.uri","https://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?gro-2/60620"],["dc.language.iso","en"],["dc.notes.intern","Merged from goescholar"],["dc.publisher","Springer"],["dc.publisher.place","Berlin/Heidelberg"],["dc.rights","Goescholar"],["dc.rights.uri","https://goescholar.uni-goettingen.de/licenses"],["dc.title","Is caching the key to exclusion in corvids? The case of carrion crows (Corvus corone corone)"],["dc.type","journal_article"],["dc.type.internalPublication","yes"],["dc.type.version","published_version"],["dspace.entity.type","Publication"]]