Sommer, Christina

[["dc.bibliographiccitation.firstpage","51"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.issue","1"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.journal","Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.lastpage","58"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.volume","6"],["dc.contributor.author","Conradi, Elisabeth"],["dc.contributor.author","Biller-Andorno, Nikola"],["dc.contributor.author","Boos, Margarete"],["dc.contributor.author","Sommer, Christina"],["dc.contributor.author","Wiesemann, Claudia"],["dc.date.accessioned","2010-04-19T11:58:53Z"],["dc.date.accessioned","2021-10-27T13:11:03Z"],["dc.date.available","2010-04-19T11:58:53Z"],["dc.date.available","2021-10-27T13:11:03Z"],["dc.date.issued","2003"],["dc.description.abstract","Conducting empirical research on gender in medical ethics is a challenge from a theoretical as well as a practical point of view. It still has to be clarified how gender aspects can be integrated without sustaining gender stereotypes. The developmental psychologist Carol Gilligan was among the first to question ethics from a gendered point of view. The notion of care introduced by her challenged conventional developmental psychology as well as moral philosophy. Gilligan was criticised, however, because her concept of ‘two different voices’ may reinforce gender stereotypes. Moreover, although Gilligan stressed relatedness, this is not reflected in her own empirical approach, which still focuses on individual moral reflection. Concepts from social psychology can help overcome both problems. Social categories like gender shape moral identity and moral decisions. If morality is understood as being lived through actions of persons in social relationships, gender becomes a helpful category of moral analysis. Our findings will provide a conceptual basis for the question how empirical research in medical ethics can successfully embrace a gendered perspective."],["dc.format.mimetype","application/pdf"],["dc.identifier.doi","10.1023/a:1022514821765"],["dc.identifier.fs","14719"],["dc.identifier.gro","3146753"],["dc.identifier.purl","https://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?goescholar/4136"],["dc.identifier.uri","https://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?gro-2/91554"],["dc.language.iso","en"],["dc.notes.intern","Migrated from goescholar"],["dc.notes.status","final"],["dc.relation.issn","1386-7423"],["dc.relation.orgunit","Fakultät für Biologie und Psychologie"],["dc.rights","Goescholar"],["dc.rights.uri","https://goescholar.uni-goettingen.de/licenses"],["dc.subject.ddc","570"],["dc.title","Gender in medical ethics: re-examining the conceptual basis of empirical research."],["dc.type","journal_article"],["dc.type.internalPublication","yes"],["dc.type.peerReviewed","yes"],["dc.type.version","submitted_version"],["dspace.entity.type","Publication"]]

[["dc.bibliographiccitation.firstpage","10"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.issue","2"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.journal","Ramon Llull Journal of Applied Ethics"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.lastpage","26"],["dc.contributor.author","Sommer, Christina"],["dc.contributor.author","Boos, Margarete"],["dc.contributor.author","Conradi, Elisabeth"],["dc.contributor.author","Biller-Adorno, Nikola"],["dc.contributor.author","Wiesemann, Claudia"],["dc.date.accessioned","2019-07-09T11:53:55Z"],["dc.date.available","2019-07-09T11:53:55Z"],["dc.date.issued","2011"],["dc.description.abstract","objectives: To gather empirical data on how gender and educational level inSuence bioethical reasoning among medical students by analysing their use of care versus justice arguments for reconciling a bioethical dilemma. setting: University Departments of Medical Ethics, Social and Communication Psychology in Germany. Participants: First and R􀓛h year medical students. Design and method: Multidisciplinary, empirical, 2-segment study of ethics in action: In intrapersonal Segment 1, the students were presented with a bioethical dilemma and then administered a 13-item questionnaire to survey their individual preferences for care versus justice arguments in resolving the conSict. The survey questioned 6 justice, 6 care-related items and 1 socially critical item. Data were analysed by gender and year of medical school. In interpersonal Segment 2, the bioethical dilemma from Segment 1 was discussed in gender-mixed and gender-homogeneous groups. Coded transcripts were evaluated to identify prevalences in care versus justice reasoning. Results: Data on 462 medical students were evaluable (n=338 in Segment 1, n=168 in Segment 2, n=44 overlap). Gender and level of education had no eQect on moral reasoning in intrapersonal Segment 1, but signiRcantly aQected reasoning in interpersonal Segment 2, where women signiRcantly tended to use more care-orientated arguments. Justice arguments predominated the group discussions. conclusion: Interpersonal contexts aQect moral reasoning in medical students, probably by amplifying the socialisation relating to gender and educational level. Care orientation is associated with the female gender. Professional socialisation tends to reduce the diversity and richness of moral reasoning towards a more justice-weighted orientation. Medical ethics should teach both justice and care reasoning modes in order to broaden physicians ability to reconcile bioethical dilemmas."],["dc.identifier.doi","10.5167/uzh-49252"],["dc.identifier.fs","585273"],["dc.identifier.purl","https://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?gs-1/8242"],["dc.identifier.uri","https://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?gro-2/60526"],["dc.language.iso","en"],["dc.notes.intern","Merged from goescholar"],["dc.rights","Goescholar"],["dc.rights.uri","https://goescholar.uni-goettingen.de/licenses"],["dc.title","Care and justice : arguments in the ethical reasoning of medical students"],["dc.type","journal_article"],["dc.type.internalPublication","yes"],["dc.type.version","published_version"],["dspace.entity.type","Publication"]]

[["dc.bibliographiccitation.artnumber","12"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.issue","1"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.journal","BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.volume","16"],["dc.contributor.author","Raith, W."],["dc.contributor.author","Marschik, Peter B."],["dc.contributor.author","Sommer, Christina"],["dc.contributor.author","Maurer-Fellbaum, U."],["dc.contributor.author","Amhofer, C."],["dc.contributor.author","Avian, A."],["dc.contributor.author","Löwenstein, E."],["dc.contributor.author","Soral, S."],["dc.contributor.author","Müller, W."],["dc.contributor.author","Einspieler, Christa"],["dc.contributor.author","Urlesberger, Berndt"],["dc.date.accessioned","2020-05-19T11:16:31Z"],["dc.date.available","2020-05-19T11:16:31Z"],["dc.date.issued","2016"],["dc.description.abstract","Background The objective of this study was to investigate neurological short-term effects of craniosacral therapy as an ideal form of osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) due to the soft kinaesthetic stimulation. Methods Included were 30 preterm infants, with a gestational age between 25 and 33 weeks, who were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit of the University Hospital of Graz, Austria. The infants were randomized either into the intervention group (IG) which received standardised craniosacral therapy, or the control group (CG) which received standard care. To guarantee that only preterm infants with subsequent normal neurodevelopment were included, follow up was done regularly at the corrected age (= actual age in weeks minus weeks premature) of 12 and 24 months. After 2 years 5 infants had to be excluded (IG; n = 12; CG: n = 13). General Movements (GMs) are part of the spontaneous movement repertoire and are present from early fetal life onwards until the end of the first half year of life. To evaluate the immediate result of such an intervention, we selected the General Movement Assessment (GMA) as an appropriate tool. Besides the global GMA (primary outcome) we used as detailed GMA, the General Movement Optimality Score (GMOS- secondary outcome), based on Prechtl’s optimality concept. To analyse GMOS (secondary outcome) a linear mixed model with fixed effects for session, time point (time point refers to the comparisons of the measurements before vs. after each session) and intervention (IG vs. CG), random effect for individual children and a first order autoregressive covariance structure was used for calculation of significant differences between groups and interactions. Following interaction terms were included in the model: session time point, session intervention, time point intervention and session time point intervention. Exploratory post hoc analyses (interaction: session time point intervention) were performed to determine group differences for all twelve measurement (before and after all 6 sessions) separately. Results Between groups no difference in the global GMA (primary outcome) could be observed. The GMOS (secondary outcome) did not change from session to session (main effect session: p = 0.262) in the IG or the CG. Furthermore no differences between IG and CG (main effect group: p = 0.361) and no interaction of time session could be observed (p = 0.658). Post hoc analysis showed a trend toward higher values before (p = 0.085) and after (p = 0.075) the first session in CG compared to IG. At all other time points GMOS were not significantly different between groups. Conclusion We were able to indicate that a group of “healthy” preterm infants undergoing an intervention with craniosacral therapy (IG) showed no significant changes in GMs compared to preterm infants without intervention (CG). In view of the fact that the global GMA (primary outcome) showed no difference between groups and the GMOS (detailed GMA-secondary outcome) did not deteriorate in the IG, craniosacral therapy seems to be safe in preterm infants."],["dc.identifier.doi","10.1186/s12906-016-0984-5"],["dc.identifier.pmid","26758035"],["dc.identifier.uri","https://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?gro-2/65597"],["dc.language.iso","en"],["dc.relation.issn","1472-6882"],["dc.title","General Movements in preterm infants undergoing craniosacral therapy: a randomised controlled pilot-trial"],["dc.type","journal_article"],["dc.type.internalPublication","no"],["dspace.entity.type","Publication"]]

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[["dc.bibliographiccitation.firstpage","460"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.lastpage","466"],["dc.contributor.author","Boos, Margarete"],["dc.contributor.author","Sommer, Christina"],["dc.date.accessioned","2018-08-20T08:16:59Z"],["dc.date.available","2018-08-20T08:16:59Z"],["dc.date.issued","2018"],["dc.identifier.doi","10.1017/9781316286302.026"],["dc.identifier.uri","https://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?gro-2/15402"],["dc.language.iso","en"],["dc.notes.status","zu prüfen"],["dc.relation.eisbn","978-1-316-28630-2"],["dc.relation.isbn","978-1-107-11333-6"],["dc.relation.ispartof","The Cambridge Handbook of Group Interaction Analysis"],["dc.title","Argument"],["dc.type","book_chapter"],["dc.type.internalPublication","unknown"],["dspace.entity.type","Publication"]]