Kappeler, Peter Michael

[["dc.bibliographiccitation.firstpage","51"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.issue","1"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.journal","Ethology"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.lastpage","69"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.volume","92"],["dc.contributor.author","Kappeler, Peter"],["dc.contributor.author","van Schaik, Carel P."],["dc.date.accessioned","2017-09-07T11:49:03Z"],["dc.date.available","2017-09-07T11:49:03Z"],["dc.date.issued","2010"],["dc.description.abstract","Affinitive contact between former opponents soon after a conflict has been demonstrated in a growing number of primate species. Several recent studies show that such contact reduces the probability of future conflicts, allows the recipient of aggression to reduce its anxiety, and restores tolerance between former opponents. Hence, these contacts can be termed reconciliation. In this paper, we critically discuss common methodological problems of studying reconciliation, examine functional aspects, and evaluate the existing variation in primate reconciliation in light of predictions derived from four untested hypotheses about its evolutionary origins. We find that the occurrence of reconciliation in primates is not limited to anthropoids. Neither is it limited to species with formalized dominance relations. Reconciliation is also not a prerequisite for life in permanent social groups. Instead, several lines of evidence support the hypothesis that reconciliation serves to maintain valuable social relationships between individuals. We suggest several more specific versions of this hypothesis and discuss reconciliation between kin, mates, and alliance partners, as well as a number of open questions pertaining to the mechanisms, functions and origins of reconciliation among primates."],["dc.identifier.doi","10.1111/j.1439-0310.1992.tb00948.x"],["dc.identifier.gro","3150943"],["dc.identifier.uri","https://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?gro-2/7746"],["dc.language.iso","en"],["dc.notes.status","final"],["dc.relation.issn","0179-1613"],["dc.title","Methodological and Evolutionary Aspects of Reconciliation among Primates"],["dc.type","journal_article"],["dc.type.internalPublication","unknown"],["dc.type.peerReviewed","yes"],["dspace.entity.type","Publication"]]

[["dc.bibliographiccitation.firstpage","241"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.lastpage","260"],["dc.contributor.author","van Schaik, Carel P."],["dc.contributor.author","Kappeler, Peter"],["dc.contributor.editor","Kappeler, Peter M."],["dc.contributor.editor","Ganzhorn, Jörg U."],["dc.date.accessioned","2017-09-07T11:48:26Z"],["dc.date.available","2017-09-07T11:48:26Z"],["dc.date.issued","2013"],["dc.description.abstract","Extant lemuriform and anthropoid primates differ dramatically in social behavior, grouping patterns, social structure, and sexual dimorphism In this paper, we analyze and contrast grouping and bonding patterns among lemurs, and suggest determinants of social organization that explain many of these differences. Lemurs exhibit three main grouping patterns: solitary individuals, bonded pairs, and larger groups. Transitions between pairs and larger groups occur within several species and even within populations in some of Eulemur species and in Varecia. Larger groups of these species have an equal adult sex ratio, and spatial associations and social behavior suggest the existence of male-female pair bonds. Larger groups of the consistently diurnal Lemur and Propithecus also show equal adult sex ratios, but no evidence for pair-bonding. These differences among lemurs are likely due to variation in the activity periods of the cathemeral species, whose groups are hypothesized to break up into pairs during periods of nocturnal activity. The pair bond is therefore the fundamental umt of many lemur groups. This is a special case of the permanent male-female associations found among the great majority of primate species. We suggest that the evolution of permanent male-female associations is favored by selection for infanticide prevention, because the male can effectively protect the females against infanticide attempts by other males. Where females live alone permanently or part of their time (the cathemeral species), this association takes the form of a pair bond. Where they live in groups, it takes the form of permanently bisexual groups. This hypothesis leads us to predict no male-female association in species with absentee maternal care. This prediction is confirmed: the interspecific variation in infant care (carry vs hide) covaries perfectly with grouping pattern among prosimians, as well as among other primate radiations. We conclude that activity period and type of infant care determine grouping and bonding patterns in both prosimian and anthropoid societies. Both cathemeral activity periods and infant carrying among primates were probably made possible by increased precociality."],["dc.identifier.doi","10.1007/978-1-4899-2412-4_17"],["dc.identifier.gro","3150815"],["dc.identifier.uri","https://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?gro-2/7607"],["dc.language.iso","en"],["dc.notes.status","public"],["dc.notes.submitter","chake"],["dc.publisher","Springer"],["dc.publisher.place","Boston, MA"],["dc.relation.isbn","978-1-4899-2414-8"],["dc.relation.ispartof","Lemur Social Systems and Their Ecological Basis"],["dc.title","Life History, Activity Period and Lemur Social Systems"],["dc.type","book_chapter"],["dc.type.internalPublication","unknown"],["dc.type.peerReviewed","no"],["dspace.entity.type","Publication"]]

[["dc.bibliographiccitation.firstpage","245"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.issue","3"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.journal","Journal of Human Evolution"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.lastpage","276"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.volume","28"],["dc.contributor.author","Plavcan, J. Michael"],["dc.contributor.author","van Schaik, Carel P."],["dc.contributor.author","Kappeler, Peter"],["dc.date.accessioned","2017-09-07T11:49:00Z"],["dc.date.available","2017-09-07T11:49:00Z"],["dc.date.issued","1995"],["dc.description.abstract","Explanations of the evolution of canine tooth size sexual dimorphism in primates implicitly assume that male canine size is the primary target of natural or sexual selection, even though there is substantial unexplained variation in female canine size. Here we demonstrate that the canines of both males and females are relatively larger in species where agonistic interactions are more likely to escalate. Hence, the canine teeth of both sexes are influenced by selection for the development of weaponry, though the nature of the selection (natural or sexual) favoring development of the canines as weapons depends on the objects of competition (mates vs. food, for example). However, we also suggest that where the outcome of fights is typically determined between coalitions of individuals, selection for weaponry is reduced, even though agonistic competition can be very intense. Coalitionary aggression between males occurs in only a handful of anthropoid primates, but it is common among female anthropoids, and helps explain, in part, the extreme sexual dimorphism in the canine teeth of a number of catarrhine species. This is the first demonstration that cooperation among animals may affect their morphology. The lack of sexual dimorphism in canine size among prosimian primates is also consistent with the model. This analysis demonstrates that a better understanding of the interspecific variation in sexual dimorphism among primates is gained by considering behavioral variation in both sexes."],["dc.identifier.doi","10.1006/jhev.1995.1019"],["dc.identifier.gro","3150927"],["dc.identifier.uri","https://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?gro-2/7728"],["dc.language.iso","en"],["dc.notes.status","final"],["dc.relation.issn","0047-2484"],["dc.title","Competition, coalitions and canine size in primates"],["dc.type","journal_article"],["dc.type.internalPublication","unknown"],["dc.type.peerReviewed","yes"],["dspace.entity.type","Publication"]]

[["dc.bibliographiccitation.firstpage","915"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.issue","7"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.journal","Ethology"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.lastpage","941"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.volume","102"],["dc.contributor.author","van Schaik, Carel P."],["dc.contributor.author","Kappeler, Peter"],["dc.date.accessioned","2017-09-07T11:48:56Z"],["dc.date.available","2017-09-07T11:48:56Z"],["dc.date.issued","2010"],["dc.description.abstract","The gregarious lemurs of Madagascar show a lack of convergence with anthropoid primates in several social, demographic, morphological and ecological features. They lack sexual dimorphism in canine and body size, and live in groups with equal adult sex ratios that can vary in composition from pairs to larger units. In most species, females dominate males, and have brief and often synchronized estruses. Finally, lemurs are often active during both day and night (i.e. cathemeral). Three hypotheses for this lack of convergence are discussed. The traditional explanation is that Madagascar's unique ecological pressures have forced females to exclude males from access to limiting resources, selecting for the other unique features as means to maintain female dominance over males. This idea is not logically consistent and is also poorly supported empirically. The second hypothesis claims that cathemerality imposes unique constraints on lemur social organization. The social behavior of cathemeral taxa is largely consistent with this idea. However, the social organization of the diurnal species is not. The third hypothesis claims that recent ecological changes, in particular the demise of large diurnal raptors, have produced a mismatch between current activity periods and adaptations to activity period. This idea is supported by a review of morphological adaptations to light conditions among lemurs, and, more generally, by a comparative analysis of cathemerality among tropical forest mammals. We conclude that the social systems of non-nocturnal lemurs are best considered as groups formed by species adapted to live in pairs. However, we cannot conclusively exclude the possibility that cathemeral activity is an old and stable activity pattern among lemurs. We indicate which data would decide the issue, and discuss the implications for views of social evolution of lemurs and other animals."],["dc.identifier.doi","10.1111/j.1439-0310.1996.tb01171.x"],["dc.identifier.gro","3150918"],["dc.identifier.uri","https://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?gro-2/7718"],["dc.language.iso","en"],["dc.notes.status","final"],["dc.relation.issn","0179-1613"],["dc.title","The Social Systems of Gregarious Lemurs: Lack of Convergence with Anthropoids due to Evolutionary Disequilibrium?"],["dc.type","journal_article"],["dc.type.internalPublication","unknown"],["dc.type.peerReviewed","yes"],["dspace.entity.type","Publication"]]

[["dc.bibliographiccitation.firstpage","71"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.lastpage","89"],["dc.contributor.author","Zinner, Dietmar"],["dc.contributor.author","Nunn, C. L."],["dc.contributor.author","van Schaik, Carel P."],["dc.contributor.author","Kappeler, Peter"],["dc.contributor.editor","Kappeler, Peter"],["dc.contributor.editor","van Schaik, Carel P."],["dc.date.accessioned","2017-09-07T11:47:56Z"],["dc.date.available","2017-09-07T11:47:56Z"],["dc.date.issued","2004"],["dc.description.abstract","Females of several species of Old World monkeys and apes exhibit enlarged perineal swellings that include the skin of the anogenital region and rump (see Fig. 5.1). Swellings are normally produced by adult females undergoing ovarian activity and they have stimulated evolutionary biologists since Darwin (1876) to think about their adaptive value and the evolutionary mechanisms responsible for their origin and maintenance. Given the association between sexual swellings and mating activity, it seems likely that some aspect of sexual selection is responsible for the evolution of this exaggerated trait. However, even today the functional significance of exaggerated swellings, as well as the processes responsible for their evolution, remain controversial (Dixson, 1983, 1998; Pagel, 1994, 1995; Radwan, 1995; Wiley & Poston, 1996; Nunn, 1999a; Stallmann & Froehlich, 2000; Domb & Pagel, 2001; Nunn et al., 2001; Domb & Pagel, 2002; Zinner et al., 2002; Snowdon, this volume).In this chapter, we explore the role of sexual selection in the evolution of exaggerated sexual swellings. Because sexual swellings are associated with mating behaviour and competition among males for access to females, sexual selection has figured prominently among hypotheses for this exaggerated trait. Hypotheses have incorporated the two primary components of sexual selection, sometimes within the same explanation. For example, the best-male hypothesis (Clutton-Brock & Harvey, 1976) states that swellings stimulate male–male competition, improving the ability of females to identify and mate with the highest-quality males.In recent years, our understanding of the theoretical basis for sexual selection has increased."],["dc.identifier.doi","10.1017/cbo9780511542459.007"],["dc.identifier.gro","3150771"],["dc.identifier.uri","https://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?gro-2/7560"],["dc.language.iso","en"],["dc.notes.status","final"],["dc.publisher","Cambridge University Press"],["dc.publisher.place","Cambridge"],["dc.relation.doi","10.1017/CBO9780511542459"],["dc.relation.isbn","978-0-511-54245-9"],["dc.relation.ispartof","Sexual Selection in Primates New and Comparative Perspectives"],["dc.title","Sexual selection and exaggerated sexual swellings of female primates"],["dc.type","book_chapter"],["dc.type.internalPublication","unknown"],["dc.type.peerReviewed","no"],["dspace.entity.type","Publication"]]

[["dc.contributor.author","Kappeler, Peter"],["dc.contributor.author","van Schaik, Carel P."],["dc.contributor.author","Watts, David P."],["dc.contributor.editor","Kappeler, Peter M."],["dc.contributor.editor","Watts, David P."],["dc.date.accessioned","2017-09-07T11:48:52Z"],["dc.date.available","2017-09-07T11:48:52Z"],["dc.date.issued","2012"],["dc.description.abstract","In this chapter, we review some of the benefits and challenges of long-term primate field studies. We define long-term studies as those that cover a significant part of the study species’ life cycle; in reality, many studies have already extended over multiple generations. We first provide a brief overview of the historical beginnings of modern primate field studies, most of which lay in the 1950s and early 1960s. Next, we identify a number of biological constraints and scientific questions that necessitate and justify a long-term approach to studying wild primate populations. Most research questions in this context are related to fitness determinants and outcomes and can be broadly classified as addressing either aspects of behavior, life history and demography, or the possible interactions among them. Positive side effects of long-term field projects on the conservation of the study site or the study species have recently become additional important reasons for the continuation of these projects. Studying individually known primates over years and decades also poses some unique challenges, however, especially with respect to data management and funding. We close this chapter by summarizing some of the unique insights about primate social systems and life history only made possible by the long-term nature of the studies, focusing on the chapters making up the remainder of this volume."],["dc.identifier.doi","10.1007/978-3-642-22514-7_1"],["dc.identifier.gro","3150885"],["dc.identifier.uri","https://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?gro-2/7682"],["dc.language.iso","en"],["dc.notes.status","final"],["dc.notes.submitter","chake"],["dc.publisher","Springer"],["dc.publisher.place","Berlin, Heidelberg"],["dc.relation.isbn","978-3-642-22513-0"],["dc.relation.ispartof","Long-Term Field Studies of Primates"],["dc.title","The Values and Challenges of Long-Term Field Studies"],["dc.type","book_chapter"],["dc.type.internalPublication","unknown"],["dc.type.peerReviewed","no"],["dspace.entity.type","Publication"]]

[["dc.bibliographiccitation.firstpage","59"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.lastpage","80"],["dc.contributor.author","van Schaik, Carel P."],["dc.contributor.author","Kappeler, Peter"],["dc.contributor.editor","Reichard, U."],["dc.contributor.editor","Boesch, Christophe"],["dc.date.accessioned","2018-03-29T08:18:37Z"],["dc.date.available","2018-03-29T08:18:37Z"],["dc.date.issued","2000"],["dc.identifier.uri","https://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?gro-2/13191"],["dc.language.iso","en"],["dc.notes.status","final"],["dc.publisher","Cambridge University Press"],["dc.publisher.place","Cambridge"],["dc.relation.isbn","0-521-52577-2"],["dc.relation.ispartof","Mating Strategies and Partnerships in Birds, Humans and Other Mammals"],["dc.title","The evolution of pair living in primates"],["dc.type","book_chapter"],["dc.type.internalPublication","unknown"],["dspace.entity.type","Publication"]]

[["dc.bibliographiccitation.firstpage","261"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.lastpage","269"],["dc.contributor.author","Sterling, Eleanor J."],["dc.contributor.author","Colquhoun, Ian C."],["dc.contributor.author","Rigamonti, Marco M."],["dc.contributor.author","White, Frances J."],["dc.contributor.author","Balko, Elisabeth A."],["dc.contributor.author","Fox, ElisaBeth A."],["dc.contributor.author","Goodman, Steven M."],["dc.contributor.author","O’Connor, Sheila"],["dc.contributor.author","Langrand, Olivier"],["dc.contributor.author","Macedonia, Joseph M."],["dc.contributor.author","Jolly, Alison"],["dc.contributor.author","Rasamimanana, Hantanirina R."],["dc.contributor.author","Kinnaird, Margaret F."],["dc.contributor.author","O’Brian, Timothy G."],["dc.contributor.author","Crowley, Helen M."],["dc.contributor.author","Harcourt, Caroline S."],["dc.contributor.author","Gardner, Shea"],["dc.contributor.author","Davidson, Jennifer M."],["dc.contributor.author","Sauther, Michelle L."],["dc.contributor.author","Sussman, Robert W."],["dc.contributor.author","Rafidinarivo, Elie"],["dc.contributor.author","Ganzhorn, Jörg U."],["dc.contributor.author","Overdorff, Deborah J."],["dc.contributor.author","Meyers, David M."],["dc.contributor.author","Wright, Patricia C."],["dc.contributor.author","Morland, Hilary Simons"],["dc.contributor.author","Pereira, Michael E."],["dc.contributor.author","Kappeler, Peter M."],["dc.contributor.author","van Schaik, Carel P."],["dc.date.accessioned","2018-03-28T13:33:37Z"],["dc.date.available","2018-03-28T13:33:37Z"],["dc.date.issued","1993"],["dc.description.abstract","Lors d’une étude de terrain réalisée pendant deux ans sur l’environnement et le comportement du aye-aye (Daubentonia madagascariensis) sur l’île de Nosy Mangabe, j’ai récolleté des données sur l’accouplement, la proximité et le comportement social de six mâles et deux femelles. Sur Nosy Mangabe, le Daubentonia mâle n’utilise pas l’espace comme les autres primates nocturnes étudiés jusqu’à ce jour. Les domaines vitaux des mâles se chevauchent considérablement, contrairement à ceux des femelles. Ceux-ci étant très étendus, il est difficile pour les mâles de défendre une femelle isolée et son territoire. Ce facteur, ainsi c)ue les résultats préliminaires des saisons asynchrones de reproduction, pourrait expliquer le fait que les mâles tendent à la polygynie et non à la monogamie, et qu’ils ne défendent pas les ressources à long terme. Cependant, certaines particularités de Nosy Mangabe, telles que sa surface restreinte, le manque de menaces prédatrices, le manque d’opportunités d’immigration et d’émigration, affectent vraisemblablement les espèces vivant sur cette île. Les résultats de cette étude montrent que les systèmes de répartition spatiale ne représentent pas de façon adéquate l’éventail des diversités dans les systèmes sociaux et les modes d’accouplement des différentes espèces; ils montrent également que ces critères ne devraient être considérés que comme des variables d’un premier ordre, déterminant les catégories de l’organisation sociale des primates nocturnes."],["dc.identifier.doi","10.1007/978-1-4899-2412-4_18"],["dc.identifier.uri","https://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?gro-2/13189"],["dc.language.iso","fr"],["dc.notes.status","final"],["dc.relation.isbn","978-1-4899-2414-8"],["dc.relation.isbn","978-1-4899-2412-4"],["dc.relation.ispartof","Lemur Social Systems and Their Ecological Basis"],["dc.title","Resumes"],["dc.type","book_chapter"],["dc.type.internalPublication","unknown"],["dspace.entity.type","Publication"]]

[["dc.bibliographiccitation.firstpage","707"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.issue","4"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.journal","International Journal of Primatology"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.lastpage","740"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.volume","23"],["dc.contributor.author","Kappeler, Peter"],["dc.contributor.author","van Schaik, Carel P."],["dc.date.accessioned","2017-09-07T11:49:05Z"],["dc.date.available","2017-09-07T11:49:05Z"],["dc.date.issued","2002"],["dc.description.abstract","We review evolutionary processes and mechanisms that gave rise to the diversity of primate social systems. We define social organization, social structure and mating system as distinct components of a social system. For each component, we summarize levels and patterns of variation among primates and discuss evolutionary determinants of this variation. We conclude that conclusive explanations for a solitary life and pair-living are still lacking. We then focus on interactions among the 3 components in order to identify main targets of selection and potential constraints for social evolution. Social organization and mating system are more closely linked to each other than either one is to social structure. Further, we conclude that it is important to seek a priori measures for the effects of presumed selective factors and that the genetic contribution to social systems is still poorly examined. Finally, we examine the role of primate socio-ecology in current evolutionary biology and conclude that primates are not prominently represented because the main questions asked in behavioral ecology are often irrelevant for primate behavior. For the future, we see a rapprochement of these areas as the role of disease and life-history theory are integrated more fully into primate socio-ecology."],["dc.identifier.doi","10.1023/A:1015520830318"],["dc.identifier.gro","3150962"],["dc.identifier.uri","https://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?gro-2/7767"],["dc.language.iso","en"],["dc.notes.status","final"],["dc.relation.issn","0164-0291"],["dc.title","Evolution of Primate Social Systems"],["dc.type","journal_article"],["dc.type.internalPublication","unknown"],["dc.type.peerReviewed","yes"],["dspace.entity.type","Publication"]]

[["dc.bibliographiccitation.firstpage","1687"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.issue","1388"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.journal","Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.lastpage","1694"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.volume","264"],["dc.contributor.author","van Schaik, Carel P."],["dc.contributor.author","Kappeler, Peter"],["dc.date.accessioned","2017-09-07T11:49:04Z"],["dc.date.available","2017-09-07T11:49:04Z"],["dc.date.issued","2002"],["dc.description.abstract","Year–round association between adult males and females is common in primates, even though internal gestation and lactation predispose males to mate–desertion in the majority of mammals. Because there is little a priori support for alternative explanations, we hypothesized that permanent male–female association in primates serves to reduce the risk of infanticide by strange males whenever females and infants are closely associated. For a phylogenetic test of this hypothesis, we reconstructed the evolution of male–female and female–infant association among primates. The results of Maddison's concentrated changes test confirmed the prediction that mother–infant association, as opposed to infant parking, and female–male association did not evolve independently. Changes in litter size and activity, in contrast, were not significantly associated with evolutionary changes in male–female association. Thus, we demonstrate a fundamental link between primate life history and social behaviour, explain the most basic type of variation in primate social organization, and propose an additional determinant of social organization that may also operate in other mammals."],["dc.identifier.doi","10.1098/rspb.1997.0234"],["dc.identifier.gro","3150959"],["dc.identifier.pmid","9404030"],["dc.identifier.uri","https://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?gro-2/7764"],["dc.language.iso","en"],["dc.notes.status","final"],["dc.relation.issn","0962-8452"],["dc.title","Infanticide risk and the evolution of male-female association in primates"],["dc.type","journal_article"],["dc.type.internalPublication","unknown"],["dc.type.peerReviewed","yes"],["dspace.entity.type","Publication"]]