Sommer, Martin

[["dc.bibliographiccitation.firstpage","77"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.journal","Journal of Fluency Disorders"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.lastpage","85"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.volume","58"],["dc.contributor.author","Karimi, Hamid"],["dc.contributor.author","Onslow, Mark"],["dc.contributor.author","Jones, Mark"],["dc.contributor.author","O’Brian, Sue"],["dc.contributor.author","Packman, Ann"],["dc.contributor.author","Menzies, Ross"],["dc.contributor.author","Reilly, Sheena"],["dc.contributor.author","Sommer, Martin"],["dc.contributor.author","Jelčić-Jakšić, Suzana"],["dc.date.accessioned","2020-12-10T14:25:09Z"],["dc.date.available","2020-12-10T14:25:09Z"],["dc.date.issued","2018"],["dc.identifier.doi","10.1016/j.jfludis.2018.10.002"],["dc.identifier.issn","0094-730X"],["dc.identifier.uri","https://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?gro-2/72456"],["dc.language.iso","en"],["dc.notes.intern","DOI Import GROB-354"],["dc.relation.haserratum","/handle/2/82742"],["dc.title","The Satisfaction with Communication in Everyday Speaking Situations (SCESS) scale: An overarching outcome measure of treatment effect"],["dc.type","journal_article"],["dc.type.internalPublication","yes"],["dspace.entity.type","Publication"]]

[["dc.bibliographiccitation.artnumber","S0304394022002129"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.firstpage","136655"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.journal","Neuroscience Letters"],["dc.contributor.author","Packman, Ann"],["dc.contributor.author","Onslow, Mark"],["dc.contributor.author","Lagopoulos, Jim"],["dc.contributor.author","Shan, Zack Y."],["dc.contributor.author","Lowe, Robyn"],["dc.contributor.author","Jones, Monique"],["dc.contributor.author","O'Brian, Sue"],["dc.contributor.author","Sommer, Martin"],["dc.date.accessioned","2022-05-02T07:46:58Z"],["dc.date.available","2022-05-02T07:46:58Z"],["dc.date.issued","2022"],["dc.identifier.doi","10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136655"],["dc.identifier.pii","S0304394022002129"],["dc.identifier.uri","https://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?gro-2/107179"],["dc.language.iso","en"],["dc.notes.intern","DOI Import GROB-561"],["dc.relation.issn","0304-3940"],["dc.title","White matter connectivity in neonates at risk of stuttering: Preliminary data"],["dc.type","journal_article"],["dc.type.internalPublication","yes"],["dspace.entity.type","Publication"]]

[["dc.bibliographiccitation.journal","Frontiers in Psychology"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.volume","11"],["dc.contributor.author","Korzeczek, Alexandra"],["dc.contributor.author","Cholin, Joana"],["dc.contributor.author","Jorschick, Annett"],["dc.contributor.author","Hewitt, Manuel"],["dc.contributor.author","Sommer, Martin"],["dc.date.accessioned","2021-04-14T08:23:49Z"],["dc.date.available","2021-04-14T08:23:49Z"],["dc.date.issued","2020"],["dc.description.abstract","Originary neurogenic, non-syndromatic stuttering has been linked to a dysfunctional sensorimotor system. Studies have demonstrated that adults who stutter (AWS) perform poorly at speech and finger motor tasks and learning (e.g., Smits-Bandstra et al., 2006b; Namasivayam and van Lieshout, 2008). The high relapse rate after stuttering treatment could be a further hint for deficient motor learning and, in particular, for the limited generalization of the learned technique in daily communication. In this study, we tested generalization of finger sequence skills in AWS using an effector-dependent transfer task after a 24-h retention period. Additionally, we wanted to corroborate previous motor learning results in AWS for practice and retention: 16 AWS and 16 age-, sex-, and education-matched controls performed the task during four test sessions. Our results indicate that generalization performance in AWS was not inferior to that of fluent controls. In addition, we found, contrary to previous results, that AWS showed a steeper learning progress after practice and consolidation compared with controls. We suggest that with sufficient practice and a 24-h consolidation phase, AWS are able to retain the learned performance of tapping a five-item finger sequence as well as fluent controls in terms of speed and accuracy."],["dc.identifier.doi","10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01543"],["dc.identifier.purl","https://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?gs-1/17496"],["dc.identifier.uri","https://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?gro-2/81058"],["dc.language.iso","en"],["dc.notes.intern","DOI Import GROB-399"],["dc.publisher","Frontiers Media S.A."],["dc.relation.eissn","1664-1078"],["dc.rights","http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"],["dc.title","Finger Sequence Learning in Adults Who Stutter"],["dc.type","journal_article"],["dc.type.internalPublication","yes"],["dspace.entity.type","Publication"]]

[["dc.bibliographiccitation.firstpage","373"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.issue","4"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.journal","NEUROREHABILITATION AND NEURAL REPAIR"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.lastpage","381"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.volume","23"],["dc.contributor.author","Rothkegel, Holger"],["dc.contributor.author","Sommer, Martin"],["dc.contributor.author","Rammsayer, Thomas H."],["dc.contributor.author","Trenkwalder, Claudia"],["dc.contributor.author","Paulus, Walter J."],["dc.date.accessioned","2018-11-07T08:30:31Z"],["dc.date.available","2018-11-07T08:30:31Z"],["dc.date.issued","2009"],["dc.description.abstract","Background. Focal single-session repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the primary motor cortex has been claimed to be capable of improving motor function in Parkinson's disease. Objective. The authors sought to determine which type of rTMS protocol holds the highest potential for future therapeutic application. Methods. Twenty-two patients with Parkinson's disease received 5 different rTMS protocols on 5 consecutive days in a pseudorandomized and counterbalanced order either in the defined OFF condition or with their usual medication. The protocols tested in the present study included 2 conventional rTMS protocols (0.5 and 10 Hz) as well as the recently introduced theta burst stimulation (cTBS, iTBS) and a sham condition. Cortical excitability, motor performance (pointing movement, pronation-supination, Purdue Pegboard Test, walking), and mood were assessed before and after each session. Results. The authors observed motor training from days 1 to 4, particularly in the group on dopaminergic medication. None of the rTMS paradigms excelled placebo stimulation. The only exception was the Purdue Pegboard Test, in which all active stimulation paradigms yielded slightly stronger effects than sham stimulation. Conclusions. Within a single session, no clinically relevant difference in the rTMS protocols could be detected. Training effects outweigh and may have masked rTMS effects, particularly in the group on dopaminergic mediation."],["dc.identifier.doi","10.1177/1545968308322842"],["dc.identifier.isi","000264876100009"],["dc.identifier.pmid","18978029"],["dc.identifier.purl","https://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?gs-1/13103"],["dc.identifier.uri","https://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?gro-2/16906"],["dc.notes.intern","Merged from goescholar"],["dc.notes.status","zu prüfen"],["dc.notes.submitter","Najko"],["dc.publisher","Sage Publications Inc"],["dc.relation.issn","1545-9683"],["dc.rights","Goescholar"],["dc.rights.uri","https://goescholar.uni-goettingen.de/licenses"],["dc.title","Training Effects Outweigh Effects of Single-Session Conventional rTMS and Theta Burst Stimulation in PD Patients"],["dc.type","journal_article"],["dc.type.internalPublication","yes"],["dc.type.peerReviewed","yes"],["dc.type.status","published"],["dspace.entity.type","Publication"]]

[["dc.bibliographiccitation.artnumber","e0202634"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.issue","10"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.journal","PLOS ONE"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.volume","13"],["dc.contributor.author","Whillier, Alexander"],["dc.contributor.author","Hommel, Sina"],["dc.contributor.author","Neef, Nicole E."],["dc.contributor.author","Wolff von Gudenberg, Alexander"],["dc.contributor.author","Paulus, Walter"],["dc.contributor.author","Sommer, Martin"],["dc.date.accessioned","2019-07-09T11:46:08Z"],["dc.date.available","2019-07-09T11:46:08Z"],["dc.date.issued","2018"],["dc.description.abstract","OBJECTIVES: Persistent developmental stuttering is a speech fluency disorder defined by its symptoms, where the underlying neurophysiological causes remain uncertain. This study examined the underlying neurophysiological mechanisms of the speech planning process, using facilitation in the motor cortex during speech preparation as an analogue. METHODS: transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) pulses induced motor evoked potentials (MEPs), which were recorded from the tongue. Eighteen adults who stutter (AWS) and 17 adults who do not stutter (ANS) completed three experiments, which involved reading a German prefix+verb utterance from a screen. Each experiment involved 120 trials with three distinct levels of speech production: immediate speech, delayed speech without pacing and delayed speech with predefined pacing. TMS was applied shortly before speech onset. Trial MEPs were normalised to average non-speech MEPs. MEP amplitude, MEP facilitation ratio (amplitude: pre-speech offset) and group difference were the outcomes of interest analysed by multiple regression, as well as speech reaction time analysed by correlation. RESULTS: MEP values were 11·1%-23·4% lower in AWS than ANS (by standardised Beta), across all three experiments. MEP facilitation ratio slopes were also 4·9%-18·3% flatter in AWS than ANS across all three experiments. Reaction times for AWS were only significantly slower than for ANS in immediate speech and predefined pacing experiments. No stuttering was detected during the trials. The group difference in immediate speech was 100% and 101% greater than the other two experiments respectively. DISCUSSION: While performance of both ANS and AWS worsens under disturbed speech conditions, greater disturbance conditions affected controls worse than AWS. Future research and therapy in stuttering should focus on non-disturbed speech."],["dc.identifier.doi","10.1371/journal.pone.0202634"],["dc.identifier.pmid","30303960"],["dc.identifier.purl","https://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?gs-1/15398"],["dc.identifier.uri","https://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?gro-2/59381"],["dc.language.iso","en"],["dc.notes.intern","Merged from goescholar"],["dc.notes.intern","In goescholar not merged with http://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?gs-1/15696 but duplicate"],["dc.rights","CC BY 4.0"],["dc.rights.uri","https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0"],["dc.subject.ddc","610"],["dc.title","Adults who stutter lack the specialised pre-speech facilitation found in non-stutterers"],["dc.type","journal_article"],["dc.type.internalPublication","yes"],["dc.type.version","published_version"],["dspace.entity.type","Publication"]]

[["dc.bibliographiccitation.firstpage","1915"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.issue","11"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.journal","Clinical Neurophysiology"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.lastpage","1921"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.volume","121"],["dc.contributor.author","Rothkegel, Holger"],["dc.contributor.author","Sommer, M."],["dc.contributor.author","Paulus, Walter J."],["dc.contributor.author","Lang, N."],["dc.date.accessioned","2018-11-07T08:37:23Z"],["dc.date.available","2018-11-07T08:37:23Z"],["dc.date.issued","2010"],["dc.description.abstract","Objective: The intensity of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is typically adjusted by changing the amplitude of the induced electrical field, while its duration is fixed. Here we examined the influence of two different pulse durations on several physiological parameters of primary motor cortex excitability obtained using single pulse TMS. Methods: A Magstim Bistim(2) stimulator was used to produce TMS pulses of two distinct durations. For either pulse duration we measured, in healthy volunteers, resting and active motor thresholds, recruitment curves of motor evoked potentials in relaxed and contracting hand muscles as well as contralateral (cSP) and ipsilateral (iSP) cortical silent periods. Results: Motor thresholds decreased by 20% using a 1.4 times longer TMS pulse compared to the standard pulse, while there was no significant effect on threshold adjusted measurements of cortical excitability. The longer pulse duration reduced pulse-to-pulse variability in cSP. Conclusions: The strength of a TMS pulse can be adjusted both by amplitude or pulse duration. TMS pulse duration does not affect threshold-adjusted single pulse measures of motor cortex excitability. Significance: Using longer TMS pulses might be an alternative in subjects with very high motor threshold. Pulse duration might not be relevant as long as TMS intensity is threshold-adapted. This is important when comparing studies performed with different stimulator types. (C) 2010 International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved."],["dc.description.sponsorship","DFG (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft) [SO 429/2-2]; Rose Foundation"],["dc.identifier.doi","10.1016/j.clinph.2010.04.006"],["dc.identifier.isi","000282158200017"],["dc.identifier.pmid","20444645"],["dc.identifier.uri","https://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?gro-2/18520"],["dc.notes.status","zu prüfen"],["dc.notes.submitter","Najko"],["dc.publisher","Elsevier Ireland Ltd"],["dc.relation.issn","1388-2457"],["dc.title","Impact of pulse duration in single pulse TMS"],["dc.type","journal_article"],["dc.type.internalPublication","yes"],["dc.type.peerReviewed","yes"],["dc.type.status","published"],["dspace.entity.type","Publication"]]

[["dc.bibliographiccitation.firstpage","2904"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.issue","10"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.journal","Brain"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.lastpage","2905"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.volume","144"],["dc.contributor.author","Sommer, Martin"],["dc.contributor.author","SheikhBahaei, Shahriar"],["dc.contributor.author","Maguire, Gerald A"],["dc.date.accessioned","2022-01-11T14:08:07Z"],["dc.date.available","2022-01-11T14:08:07Z"],["dc.date.issued","2021"],["dc.description.abstract","This scientific commentary refers to \\‘Elevated iron concentration in putamen and cortical speech motor network in developmental stuttering\\’, by Cler et al. (doi:10.1093/brain/awab283)."],["dc.description.abstract","This scientific commentary refers to ‘Elevated iron concentration in putamen and cortical speech motor network in developmental stuttering’, by Cler et al. (doi:10.1093/brain/awab283)."],["dc.identifier.doi","10.1093/brain/awab348"],["dc.identifier.uri","https://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?gro-2/97939"],["dc.language.iso","en"],["dc.notes.intern","DOI-Import GROB-507"],["dc.relation.eissn","1460-2156"],["dc.relation.issn","0006-8950"],["dc.rights.uri","https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/"],["dc.title","An unexpected iron in the fire of speech production"],["dc.type","journal_article"],["dc.type.internalPublication","yes"],["dspace.entity.type","Publication"]]

[["dc.bibliographiccitation.firstpage","762"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.journal","Brain"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.lastpage","770"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.volume","133"],["dc.contributor.author","Bachmann, Cornelius G."],["dc.contributor.author","Rolke, Roman"],["dc.contributor.author","Scheidt, Uta"],["dc.contributor.author","Stadelmann, Christine"],["dc.contributor.author","Sommer, Martin"],["dc.contributor.author","Pavlakovic, Goran"],["dc.contributor.author","Happe, Svenja"],["dc.contributor.author","Treede, Rolf-Detlef"],["dc.contributor.author","Paulus, Walter J."],["dc.date.accessioned","2018-11-07T08:45:14Z"],["dc.date.available","2018-11-07T08:45:14Z"],["dc.date.issued","2010"],["dc.description.abstract","This study aimed to assess thermal and mechanical perception and pain thresholds in primary idiopathic restless legs syndrome and secondary restless legs syndrome associated with small fibre neuropathy. Twenty-one patients (age: 53.4 +/- 8.4, n = 3, male) with primary restless legs syndrome and 13 patients (age: 63.0 +/- 8.2, n = 1, male) with secondary restless legs syndrome associated with small fibre neuropathy were compared with 20 healthy subjects (age: 58.0 +/- 7.0; n = 2, male). Differential diagnosis of secondary restless legs syndrome associated with small fibre neuropathy was based on clinical symptoms and confirmed with skin biopsies in all patients. A comprehensive quantitative sensory testing protocol encompassing thermal and mechanical detection and pain thresholds, as devised by the German Research Network on Neuropathic Pain, was performed on the clinically more affected foot between 2 pm and 1 am when restless legs syndrome symptoms were present in all patients. Patients with primary restless legs syndrome showed hyperalgesia to blunt pressure (P < 0.001), pinprick (P < 0.001) and vibratory hyperaesthesia (P < 0.001). Patients with secondary restless legs syndrome associated with small fibre neuropathy showed thermal hypoaesthesia to cold (A delta-fibre mediated) and warm (C-fibre mediated) (all P < 0.001) and hyperalgesia to pinprick (P < 0.001). Static mechanical hyperalgesia in primary and secondary restless legs syndrome is consistent with the concept of central disinhibition of nociceptive pathways, which might be induced by conditioning afferent input from damaged small fibre neurons in secondary restless legs syndrome."],["dc.identifier.doi","10.1093/brain/awq026"],["dc.identifier.isi","000276046000012"],["dc.identifier.pmid","20194142"],["dc.identifier.purl","https://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?gs-1/6232"],["dc.identifier.uri","https://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?gro-2/20388"],["dc.notes.intern","Merged from goescholar"],["dc.notes.status","zu prüfen"],["dc.notes.submitter","Najko"],["dc.publisher","Oxford Univ Press"],["dc.relation.issn","0006-8950"],["dc.rights","Goescholar"],["dc.rights.uri","https://goescholar.uni-goettingen.de/licenses"],["dc.title","Thermal hypoaesthesia differentiates secondary restless legs syndrome associated with small fibre neuropathy from primary restless legs syndrome"],["dc.type","journal_article"],["dc.type.internalPublication","yes"],["dc.type.peerReviewed","yes"],["dc.type.status","published"],["dspace.entity.type","Publication"]]

[["dc.bibliographiccitation.firstpage","275"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.issue","2"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.journal","Clinical Neurophysiology"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.lastpage","279"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.volume","112"],["dc.contributor.author","Wischer, Stephan"],["dc.contributor.author","Paulus, Walter"],["dc.contributor.author","Sommer, Martin"],["dc.contributor.author","Tergau, Frithjof"],["dc.date.accessioned","2021-06-01T10:50:21Z"],["dc.date.available","2021-06-01T10:50:21Z"],["dc.date.issued","2001"],["dc.description.abstract","Objective: To investigate by means of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) the effect of a single oral dose of the GABA derivate piracetam on intracortical Facilitatory I-wave interaction. Methods: The study was performed in 8 healthy volunteers. Before, 1, 3, 6, and 24 h after intake of 4000 mg piracetam. MEPs in the relaxed abductor digiti minimi muscle were elicited by a recently introduced double pulse TMS technique with a suprathreshold first and a subthreshold second stimulus. From interstimulus intervals of 0.5-5.1 ms 3 periods were observed in which MEP facilitation showed maxima - so-called peaks of I-wave interaction - and which were separated by two troughs with no facilitation. We studied the changes in timing and size of the peaks over time. Results: With piracetam, I-wave peaks showed a reduction in size as well as a shortening of the latencies at which the peaks occurred. Both changes were significant at 6 h after drug intake compared to baseline. The effects were partially reversible after 24 h. Conclusions: The mode of action of piracetam within the nervous system is almost unknown. The peak size reduction was similar to effects that were seen under GABAergic drugs, although GABAergic properties of piracetam have not been observed so far. Shortening of the I-wave peak latencies is a new phenomenon. The results are discussed on the basis of the known therapeutic effects of piracetam in cortical myoclonus and as nootropic agent. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved."],["dc.identifier.doi","10.1016/S1388-2457(00)00548-4"],["dc.identifier.isi","000167058100007"],["dc.identifier.pmid","11165529"],["dc.identifier.uri","https://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?gro-2/86626"],["dc.language.iso","en"],["dc.notes.intern","DOI-Import GROB-425"],["dc.notes.status","zu prüfen"],["dc.notes.submitter","Najko"],["dc.publisher","Elsevier Sci Ireland Ltd"],["dc.relation.issn","1388-2457"],["dc.title","Piracetam affects facilitatory I-wave interaction in the human motor cortex"],["dc.type","journal_article"],["dc.type.internalPublication","yes"],["dc.type.peerReviewed","yes"],["dc.type.status","published"],["dspace.entity.type","Publication"]]

[["dc.bibliographiccitation.journal","Frontiers in Neuroscience"],["dc.bibliographiccitation.volume","15"],["dc.contributor.author","Halawa, Islam"],["dc.contributor.author","Reichert, Katharina"],["dc.contributor.author","Aberra, Aman S."],["dc.contributor.author","Sommer, Martin"],["dc.contributor.author","Peterchev, Angel V."],["dc.contributor.author","Paulus, Walter"],["dc.date.accessioned","2022-01-11T14:06:15Z"],["dc.date.available","2022-01-11T14:06:15Z"],["dc.date.issued","2021"],["dc.description.abstract","Introduction: High frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation applied to the motor cortex causes an increase in the amplitude of motor evoked potentials (MEPs) that persists after stimulation. Here, we focus on the aftereffects generated by high frequency controllable pulse TMS (cTMS) with different directions, intensities, and pulse durations. Objectives: To investigate the influence of pulse duration, direction, and amplitude in correlation to induced depolarization on the excitatory plastic aftereffects of 5 Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) using bidirectional cTMS pulses. Methods: We stimulated the hand motor cortex with 5 Hz rTMS applying 1,200 bidirectional pulses with the main component durations of 80, 100, and 120 μs using a controllable pulse stimulator TMS (cTMS). Fourteen healthy subjects were investigated in nine sessions with 80% resting motor threshold (RMT) for posterior-anterior (PA) and 80 and 90% RMT anterior-posterior (AP) induced current direction. We used a model approximating neuronal membranes as a linear first order low-pass filter to estimate the strength–duration time constant and to simulate the membrane polarization produced by each waveform. Results: PA and AP 5 Hz rTMS at 80% RMT produced no significant excitation. An exploratory analysis indicated that 90% RMT AP stimulation with 100 and 120 μs pulses but not 80 μs pulses led to significant excitation. We found a positive correlation between the plastic outcome of each session and the simulated peak neural membrane depolarization for time constants >100 μs. This correlation was strongest for neural elements that are depolarized by the main phase of the AP pulse, suggesting the effects were dependent on pulse direction. Conclusions: Among the tested conditions, only 5 Hz rTMS with higher intensity and wider pulses appeared to produce excitatory aftereffects. This correlated with the greater depolarization of neural elements with time constants slower than the directly activated neural elements responsible for producing the motor output (e.g., somatic or dendritic membrane). Significance: Higher intensities and wider pulses seem to be more efficient in inducing excitation. If confirmed, this observation could lead to better results in future clinical studies performed with wider pulses."],["dc.description.abstract","Introduction: High frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation applied to the motor cortex causes an increase in the amplitude of motor evoked potentials (MEPs) that persists after stimulation. Here, we focus on the aftereffects generated by high frequency controllable pulse TMS (cTMS) with different directions, intensities, and pulse durations. Objectives: To investigate the influence of pulse duration, direction, and amplitude in correlation to induced depolarization on the excitatory plastic aftereffects of 5 Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) using bidirectional cTMS pulses. Methods: We stimulated the hand motor cortex with 5 Hz rTMS applying 1,200 bidirectional pulses with the main component durations of 80, 100, and 120 μs using a controllable pulse stimulator TMS (cTMS). Fourteen healthy subjects were investigated in nine sessions with 80% resting motor threshold (RMT) for posterior-anterior (PA) and 80 and 90% RMT anterior-posterior (AP) induced current direction. We used a model approximating neuronal membranes as a linear first order low-pass filter to estimate the strength–duration time constant and to simulate the membrane polarization produced by each waveform. Results: PA and AP 5 Hz rTMS at 80% RMT produced no significant excitation. An exploratory analysis indicated that 90% RMT AP stimulation with 100 and 120 μs pulses but not 80 μs pulses led to significant excitation. We found a positive correlation between the plastic outcome of each session and the simulated peak neural membrane depolarization for time constants >100 μs. This correlation was strongest for neural elements that are depolarized by the main phase of the AP pulse, suggesting the effects were dependent on pulse direction. Conclusions: Among the tested conditions, only 5 Hz rTMS with higher intensity and wider pulses appeared to produce excitatory aftereffects. This correlated with the greater depolarization of neural elements with time constants slower than the directly activated neural elements responsible for producing the motor output (e.g., somatic or dendritic membrane). Significance: Higher intensities and wider pulses seem to be more efficient in inducing excitation. If confirmed, this observation could lead to better results in future clinical studies performed with wider pulses."],["dc.identifier.doi","10.3389/fnins.2021.773792"],["dc.identifier.uri","https://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?gro-2/97863"],["dc.language.iso","en"],["dc.notes.intern","DOI-Import GROB-507"],["dc.publisher","Frontiers Media S.A."],["dc.relation.eissn","1662-453X"],["dc.rights","http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"],["dc.title","Effect of Pulse Duration and Direction on Plasticity Induced by 5 Hz Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Correlation With Neuronal Depolarization"],["dc.type","journal_article"],["dc.type.internalPublication","yes"],["dspace.entity.type","Publication"]]