A Human Development Index by Income Groups

One of the most frequent critiques of the HDI is that it does not take into account inequality within countries. We suggest a methodology which allows to compute the three components and the overall HDI for quintiles of the income distribution. This allows comparisons of the level in human development of the poor and non-poor within and across countries. An empirical illustration shows large discrepancies in human development within the countries, especially in Africa. These discrepancies are lower the higher the HDI is, but only weakly so. Inequality in income is generally higher than inequality in education and life expectancy.