Is breathlessness what the professional says it is? Analysis of patient and professionals' assessments from a German nationwide register

Breathlessness is a common and distressing symptom in patients with advanced disease. Patients' self-report is deemed to be the most valid method of symptom assessment. When patients are not capable of self-assessment, professionals' assessment is often used as alternative but evidence on the validity is conflicting. The aim of this study was to compare self- and professionals' assessment of breathlessness regarding presence and severity in patients with advanced disease. Secondary analysis of a cross-sectional, multi-centre and nationwide register (HOspice and Palliative Care Evaluation (HOPE)). Documented inpatients from hospices and palliative care units from 2006 to 2008 who completed the self-assessed MInimal DOcumentation System (MIDOS) were included. Professionals' assessment were based on the integrated symptom and problem checklist (symptom scores, 0-3). Cohen's kappa (kappa) was used to estimate the 'level of agreement' (LoA). Two thousand six hundred twenty-three patients (mean age, 66.9 (SD, 12.8); 54.4 % female; median Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group score, 3; 95.9 % with malignant disease) were analysed. Prevalence of breathlessness was 53.4 % (1,398 patients) by professionals' and 53.1 % (1,410 patients) by self-assessment. Presence was correctly evaluated by professionals in 80.9 % of cases (sensitivity, 81.8 %; specificity, 79.8 %). Severity of breathlessness was correctly estimated in 65.7 % of cases. LoA was good (kappa = 0.62) for the evaluation of presence of breathlessness and moderate (kappa = 0.5) for the estimation of severity. The proportion of over- or underestimated scores was similar. If patient's self-rating, the gold standard of symptom assessment, is not possible, professionals' assessment might be a valid alternative, at least for assessing the presence of breathlessness.