Scanning X-Ray Nanodiffraction on Living Eukaryotic Cells in Microfluidic Environments

High-resolution x-ray imaging techniques offer a variety of possibilities for studying the nanoscale structure of biological cells. A challenging task remains the study of cells by x rays in their natural, aqueous environment. Here, we overcome this limitation by presenting scanning x-ray diffraction measurements with beam sizes in the range of a few hundred nm on living and fixed-hydrated eukaryotic cells in microfluidic devices which mimic a native environment. The direct comparison between fixed-hydrated and living cells shows distinct differences in the scattering signal, pointing to structural changes on the order of 30 to 50 nm.